Secondary production is an underutilized metric to assess restoration initiatives

Secondary production is an integrative measure of the accumulation of heterotrophic biomass through time and can be a valuable tool to design, implement, and assess restoration initiatives. To highlight applications of secondary production in restoration contexts, we identify recent papers from the literature, use these to make generalizations about how the concept is applied, and examine why it may not be utilized more commonly. We identified 21 papers that empirically quantified secondary production to compare pre/post-restoration or assess restored sites relative to reference ones. Every study was aquatic, suggesting that secondary production is an underutilized tool in terrestrial restoration studies. We discuss various ways that food web perspectives inform restoration secondary production outcomes, such as through shifts in aquatic basal resource pools and alleviation of nutrient limitation, changes which ripple through food webs supporting higher trophic level production. Despite challenges inherent to calculating secondary production, the approach holds much promise-it is a composite metric simultaneously reflecting components of ecosystem structure and dynamics that restoration initiatives target. (C) 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.