Removal of captopril pharmaceutical from synthetic pharmaceutical-industry wastewaters: Use of activated carbon derived from Butia catarinensis

A high surface area activated carbon was produced from the seed of Butia catarinensis (Bc), which was utilized for removing captopril from synthetic pharmaceutical industry wastewaters. The activated carbon was made by mixing ZnCl2 and Bc at a proportion of 1:1 and pyrolyzed at 600 degrees (ABc-600). The material was characterized by the Boehm titration, hydrophilic/hydrophobic ratio, elemental analysis, TGA, FTIR, and N-2 isotherm (surface area (SBET), total pore volume (TPV), and pore size distribution (PSD)). The characterization data showed that the adsorbent displayed a hydrophilic surface due to the presence of several polar groups. The carbon material presented a TPV of 0.392 cm(3) g(-1), and SBET of 1267 m(2) g(-1). The equilibrium and kinetics data were suitably fitted to Liu isotherm and Avrami-fractional-order. The employment of the ABc-600 in the treatment of synthetic pharmaceutical industry wastewater exhibited high effectiveness in their removals (up to 99.0 %).