Strategies for applying selenium for biofortification of rice in tropical soils and their effect on element accumulation and distribution in grains

This study aimed to investigate the effects of the selenium (Se) application via soil (SeVI) and leaf (SeIV and SeVI) on agronomic attributes of rice and the spatial distribution of Se and other elements in biofortified rice grains. For this, a field trial was conducted using six Se rates (0, 5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 g ha(-1)). Physiological evaluations in rice leaves, rice grain yield, and Se and other elements content were assessed. Spatial distributions of Se and other elements were visualized mapping the biofortified rice grains with mu XRF. The results showed that the strategies and rates of Se applied to the plants were effective for producing Se-rich rice grains. Although Se application did not change the rice yield, it affected some enzyme activities, improving the antioxidant system of the plant. The spatial distribution of the different elements found in the biofortified rice grains varied substantially, with Se accumulations mainly in the endosperm, whereas P, K, Fe, and Zn accumulate in the embryo. Agronomic biofortification of rice with Se, via soil or leaf, is a promising strategy to be adopted in tropical soils in order to produce rice grains with adequate Se contents for human consumption.