The importance of unsaturated hydraulic conductivity measurements for green roof detention modelling

Characterising the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity of a green roof substrate is essential for accurately modelling runoff detention in response to rainfall events. In this paper, the unsaturated hydraulic conductivities for four representative green roof substrates were determined in an infiltration column using steady state and transient techniques. The conventional Durner-Mualem Hydraulic Conductivity Function (HCF) model, for which parameters were calibrated based on the measured Soil Water Release Curve (SWRC) data, was shown to provide a poor fit to the experimental data. A new three-segment HCF was, therefore, proposed to fit measured unsaturated hydraulic conductivity data. Detention tests were carried out on 100 mm and 200 mm deep substrates using four simulated storm events. The runoff and moisture content data collected during the detention tests was used to validate the HCFs using the Richards Equation. The new three-segment HCF resulted in simulated runoff and moisture content profiles that closely matched the measured data (with mean R-t(2) = 0.754 for modelled runoff), in contrast to predictions made using the conventional Durner-Mualem model (with mean R-t(2) = 0.409 for modelled runoff). It was also demonstrated that further simplification of the HCF to a function defined by moisture content at just two points - the saturated hydraulic conductivity and at an unsaturated hydraulic conductivity of 0.1 cm/min - provides a model that is fit-for-purpose for green roof runoff estimation (with mean R-t(2) = 0.629 for modelled runoff).