Υ electroproduction at HERA, EIC, and LHeC within the nonrelativistic QCD framework

Based on the nonrelativistic QCD framework, we study Upsilon production in semi-inclusive deep inelastic electron-proton scattering (SIDIS) at HERA, EIC, and LHeC, with the main aim of assessing the viability of observing Upsilon electroproduction at the three colliders. The color-octet (CO) contributions are found to have a crucial effect on both the integrated and differential cross sections, serving to further establish the significance of the CO mechanism. By setting the kinematic cuts to p(t,Upsilon)*(2) > 1 GeV2, W > 50 GeV, 2 < Q(2) < 100 GeV2, and 0.3 < z < 0.9, only a few electroproduced Upsilon events can be generated at HERA, partially accounting for its lack of measured Upsilon electroproduction. However, under the same cut conditions, the EIC and LHeC can accumulate about 8.7 x 10(2) and 3.7 x 10(4) reconstructed Upsilon events in one operation year, respectively, which manifestly indicates the prospect of detecting the Upsilon-related SIDIS processes at the two forthcoming ep(eA) colliders.