Bedrock geology controls on catchment storage, mixing, and release: A comparative analysis of 16 nested catchments

The bedrock controls on catchment mixing, storage, and release have been actively studied in recent years. However, it has been difficult to find neighbouring catchments with sufficiently different and clean expressions of geology to do comparative analysis. Here, we present new data for 16 nested catchments (0.45 to 410km(2)) in the Alzette River basin (Luxembourg) that span a range of clean and mixed expressions of schists, phyllites, sandstones, and quartzites to quantify the relationships between bedrock permeability and metrics of water storage and release. We examined 9years' worth of precipitation and discharge data, and 6years of fortnightly stable isotope data in streamflow, to explore how bedrock permeability controls (a) streamflow regime metrics, (b) catchment storage, and (c) isotope response and catchment mean transit time (MTT). We used annual and winter precipitation-run-off ratios, as well as average summer and winter precipitation-run-off ratios to characterise the streamflow regime in our 16 study catchments. Catchment storage was then used as a metric for catchment comparison. Water mixing potential of 11 catchments was quantified via the standard deviation in streamflow D (sigma D) and the amplitude ratio (A(S)/A(P)) of annual cycles of O-18 in streamflow and precipitation. Catchment MTT values were estimated via both stable isotope signature damping and hydraulic turnover calculations. In our 16 nested catchments, the variance in ratios of summer versus winter average run-off was best explained by bedrock permeability. Whereas active storage (defined here as a measure of the observed maximum interannual variability in catchment storage) ranged from 107 to 373mm, total catchment storage (defined as the maximum catchment storage connected to the stream network) extended up to similar to 1700mm (+/- 200mm). Catchment bedrock permeability was strongly correlated with mixing proxies of sigma D in streamflow and O-18 A(S)/A(P) ratios. Catchment MTT values ranged from 0.5 to 2years, based on stable isotope signature damping, and from 0.5 to 10years, based on hydraulic turnover.