Long-term reinforcement strains for column supported embankments with viscous reinforcement by FEM

The time-dependent performance of deep-mixing-method column supported embankments reinforced by viscous reinforcement is investigated for different long-term (at 99% degree of consolidation) reinforcement strains using fully coupled three-dimensional finite element method. The influence of longterm reinforcement strains on long-term net embankment height, maximum crest settlement, maximum differential settlement at the crest and horizontal toe movement of embankments numerically constructed over two soft foundations is explored with the consideration of viscosity of two reinforcement products. Based on a series of numerical simulations, an approach to controlling the deformations of column supported embankments to modest levels while maximizing their long-term service heights is proposed. Also, a correlation between long-term reinforcement strain and end-of consolidation reinforcement strain is suggested for the studied cases. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.