Gender-related differences in the psychological impact of confinement as a consequence of COVID-19 in Spain

The Covid-19 pandemic has caused a significant effect on our mental health. In this research, we aim to analyse gender-related differences in the psychological impact of the Covid-19 lockdown in Spain. A cross-sectional study was conducted through an online survey (n = 1041) with two measurements: at two and five weeks after the declaration of the state of emergency and stay-at-home order in Spain. The presence of depressive symptoms, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), perceived loneliness and spiritual well-being were evaluated. Linear mixed models with random slopes were calculated for each variable in the study in order to analyse the effect of longitudinal measures and interaction with gender. Women showed more symptoms of depression, anxiety and PTSD, more feelings of loneliness and less spiritual well-being compared to men. The psychological impact caused by the pandemic is maintained over time and increases for depression. Covid-19 appears to be having a greater psychological impact on women than men. More attention needs to be paid to this issue to establish the causes and reduce these differences.

Automated summary

During the Covid-19 lockdown in Spain, women showed more symptoms of depression, anxiety, and PTSD compared to men, as well as higher levels of loneliness and lower levels of spiritual well-being. The psychological impact caused by the pandemic persisted over time and particularly affected women, calling for more attention to understand and reduce these gender differences.