Flood risk mapping and crop-water loss modeling using water footprint analysis in agricultural watershed, northern Iran

Spatial information on flood risk and flood-related crop losses is important in flood mitigation and risk management in agricultural watersheds. In this study, loss of water bound in agricultural products following damage by flooding was calculated using water footprint and agricultural statistics, using the Talar watershed, northern Iran, as a case. The main conditioning factors on flood risk (flow accumulation, slope, land use, rainfall intensity, geology, and elevation) were rated and combined in GIS, and a flood risk map classified into five risk classes (very low to very high) was created. Using average crop yield per hectare, the amount of rice and wheat products under flood risk was calculated for the watershed. Finally, the spatial relationships between agricultural land uses (rice and wheat) and flood risk areas were evaluated using geographically weighted regression (GWR) in terms of local R-2 at sub-watershed scale. The results showed that elevation was the most critical factor for flood risk. GWR results indicated that local R-2 between rice farms and flood risk decreased gradually from north to south in the watershed, while no pattern was detected for wheat farms. Potential production of rice and wheat in very high flood risk zones was estimated to be 7972 and 18,860 tons, on an area of 822 ha and 7218 ha, respectively. Loss of these crops to flooding meant that approximately 34.04 and 12.10 million m(3) water used for production of wheat and rice, respectively, were lost. These findings can help managers, policymakers, and watershed stakeholders achieve better crop management and flood damage reduction.

Automated summary

This study calculated water losses in agricultural products due to flooding and created a flood risk map using GIS, highlighting elevation as a critical factor. Geographically weighted regression was also employed to evaluate the relationship between agricultural land use and flood risk, providing valuable insights for crop management and flood damage reduction for stakeholders and policymakers.