On the physical mechanism of front-back asymmetry of non-breaking gravity-capillary waves

In nature, the wind waves of the gravity-capillary range are noticeably skewed forward. The salient feature of such waves is a characteristic pattern of capillary ripples on their crests. The train of these 'parasitic capillaries' is not symmetric with respect to the crest, it is localised on the front slope and decays towards the trough. Although understanding the gravity-capillary waves front-back asymmetry is important for remote sensing and, potentially, for wave-wind interaction, the physical mechanisms causing this asymmetry have not been identified. Here, we address this gap by extensive numerical simulations of the Euler equations employing the method of conformal mapping for two-dimensional potential flow and taking into account wave generation by wind and dissipation due to molecular viscosity. On examining the role of various factors contributing to the wave profile front-back asymmetry: wind forcing, viscous stresses and the Reynolds stresses caused by ripples, we found, in the absence of wave breaking, the latter to be by far the most important. It is the lopsided ripple distribution which leads to the noticeable fore-aft asymmetry of the mean wave profile. We also found how the asymmetry depends on wavelength, steepness, wind, viscosity and surface tension. The results of the model are discussed in the context of the available experimental data on asymmetry of gravity-capillary waves in both the breaking and non-breaking regimes. A reasonable agreement of the model with the data has been found for the regime without breaking or microbreaking.

Automated summary

The front-back asymmetry of gravity-capillary waves is mainly caused by the asymmetric distribution of capillary ripples, with Reynolds stresses being the most significant factor in the absence of wave breaking. The asymmetry depends on factors such as wave forcing, viscosity, surface tension, and wave characteristics. The model's results are in reasonable agreement with experimental data in regimes without breaking or microbreaking.