Characterization of Anisotropic Fracture Properties of Silurian Longmaxi Shale

Fracking is widely applied to enhance shale gas mining, and insight into the fracture behaviors of shale rocks is important. To characterize the fracture properties of Lower Silurian Longmaxi shale, a chevron-notched deep beam specimen, which inherits the advantages of notched deep beam and chevron-notched specimens, is introduced, and several three-point bend tests were conducted on the Longmaxi shale specimens in three principal fracture orientations: the divider, short-transverse, and arrester orientations; the anisotropy in the critical shape coefficient, fracture toughness and fracture energy were then examined and highlighted. The results demonstrate that the critical shape coefficient depends on the anisotropic elasticity of the investigated shale, and a maximum error in the calculated fracture toughness of 9.2% could occur if a critical shape coefficient for isotropic rock is adopted. For the tested shale, the mode I fracture toughness in the divider orientation is close to that in the arrester orientation, with both values being approximately 1.5 times that in the short-transverse orientation; in addition, a progressive decrease in fracture energy from the arrester orientation to the short-transverse orientation is apparent. The fracture surface morphology was observed by scanning electron microscopy, and obvious material deterioration was found near the fracture surfaces for the arrester and divider samples.

Automated summary

The study investigates the fracture properties of Lower Silurian Longmaxi shale by conducting three-point bend tests in three principal fracture orientations. The results show the critical shape coefficient depends on the anisotropic elasticity of the investigated shale, and using a critical shape coefficient for isotropic rock could lead to a maximum error in the calculated fracture toughness. Additionally, the mode I fracture toughness varies across different fracture orientations, with a progressive decrease in fracture energy observed.