期刊
THERANOSTICS
卷 11, 期 4, 页码 1655-1671出版社
IVYSPRING INT PUBL
DOI: 10.7150/thno.52710
关键词
focused ultrasound; microbubbles; neutrophils; blood-brain barrier; two-photon fluorescence microscopy
资金
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering of the National Institutes of Health [R01 EB003268]
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research [FDN 154272]
The study demonstrates that transcranial focused ultrasound with microbubbles treatments can induce acute inflammatory responses involving neutrophils, though multiple treatments do not significantly increase neutrophil recruitment or phagocytosis of beta-amyloid plaques in an Alzheimer's disease mouse model. Further investigations into leukocyte dynamics and cerebral blood flow responses to these treatments are needed.
Rationale: Delivery of therapeutic agents to the brain is limited by the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). An emerging strategy to temporarily and locally increase the permeability of the BBB is the use of transcranial focused ultrasound (FUS) and systematically injected microbubbles (MBs). FUS+MB BBB treatments cause an acute inflammatory response, marked by a transient upregulation of pro-inflammatory genes; however, the cellular immune response remains unknown. Methods: FUS+MB BBB treatments were monitored in real-time using two-photon fluorescence microscopy and transgenic EGFP Wistar rats, which harbour several fluorescent cell types. Leukocyte identification and counts were confirmed using magnetic resonance imaging-guided FUS+MB BBB treatments. Participation of leukocytes in reducing beta-amyloid pathology following repeated FUS+MB BBB treatments was investigated in the TgCRND8 mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Results: Intravascular leukocyte activity indicative of acute inflammation were identified, including transendothelial migration, formation of cell aggregates, and cell masses capable of perturbing blood flow. Leukocyte responses were only observed after the onset of sonication. Neutrophils were identified to be a key participating leukocyte. Significantly more neutrophils were detected in the sonicated hemisphere compared to the contralateral hemisphere, and to untreated controls. Three to five biweekly FUS+MB BBB treatments did not induce significantly more neutrophil recruitment, nor neutrophil phagocytosis of beta-amyloid plaques, in TgCRND8 mice compared to untreated controls. Conclusions: This study provides evidence that the cellular aspect of the peripheral immune response triggered by FUS+MB BBB treatments begins immediately after sonication, and emphasizes the importance for further investigations to be conducted to understand leukocyte dynamics and cerebral blood flow responses to FUS+MB BBB treatments.
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