期刊
JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY INTERFACE
卷 18, 期 174, 页码 -出版社
ROYAL SOC
DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2020.0777
关键词
evolutionary game theory; cooperation; coexistence; cyclic dominance; oscillations
资金
- National Natural Science Foundation of China [11931015, 11671348]
- China Scholarship Council [201908530225]
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI [JP 20H04288]
- NationalNatural Science Foundation ofChina [11931015, U1803263, 81961138010]
- NationalNatural Science Foundation for Distinguished Young Scholars [62025602]
- Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities [3102019PJ006]
- Key Area Research & Development Program of Guangdong Province [2019B010137004]
- Key Area Research & Development Program of Shaanxi Province [2019ZDLGY17-07]
- Slovenian Research Agency [J1-2457, P1-0403]
- JSPS KAKENHI [JP 18H01655]
- Grant for Basic Science Research Projects by the Sumitomo Foundation [190934]
The study shows that a simple option to exit the game can promote cooperation in well-mixed populations, but has a weaker effect in networked populations. Through cyclic dominance, the presence of exiters enables the coexistence of cooperators, defectors, and exiters.
We study the evolutionary dynamics of the Prisoner's Dilemma game in which cooperators and defectors interact with another actor type called exiters. Rather than being exploited by defectors, exiters exit the game in favour of a small pay-off. We find that this simple extension of the game allows cooperation to flourish in well-mixed populations when iterations or reputation are added. In networked populations, however, the exit option is less conducive to cooperation. Instead, it enables the coexistence of cooperators, defectors, and exiters through cyclic dominance. Other outcomes are also possible as the exit pay-off increases or the network structure changes, including network-wide oscillations in actor abundances that may cause the extinction of exiters and the domination of defectors, although game parameters should favour exiting. The complex dynamics that emerges in the wake of a simple option to exit the game implies that nuances matter even if our analyses are restricted to incentives for rational behaviour.
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