Spins of Primordial Black Holes Formed in the Radiation-dominated Phase of the Universe: First-order Effect

The standard deviation of the initial values of the nondimensional Kerr parameter a(*) of primordial black holes (PBHs) that formed in the radiation-dominated phase of the universe is estimated to the first order of perturbation for the narrow power spectrum. Evaluating the angular momentum at turnaround based on linearly extrapolated transfer functions and peak theory, we obtain the expression root < a(*)(2)> similar or equal to 4.0 x 10(-3)(M/M-H)(-1/3) root 1 - gamma(2) [1 - 0.072 log(10)(beta(0)(M-H)/(1.3 x 10(-15)))](-1), where M-H, beta(0)(M-H), and gamma are the mass within the Hubble horizon at the horizon entry of the overdense region, the fraction of the universe which collapsed to PBHs at the scale of M-H, and a quantity that characterizes the width of the power spectrum, respectively. This implies that for M similar or equal to M-H, the higher the probability of the PBH formation, the larger the standard deviation of the spins, while PBHs of M << M-H that formed through near-critical collapse may have larger spins than those of M similar or equal to M-H. In comparison to the previous estimate, the new estimate has an explicit dependence on the ratio M/M-H and no direct dependence on the current dark matter density. On the other hand, it suggests that the first-order effect can be numerically comparable to the second-order one.

Automated summary

The study estimates the standard deviation of the nondimensional Kerr parameter of primordial black holes formed in the radiation-dominated phase of the universe, showing a relationship between the probability of PBH formation and the standard deviation of spins as well as the width of the power spectrum. It also highlights a numerical comparability between the first-order and second-order effects.