Revisiting Milgram and Kishino's Reality-Virtuality Continuum

Since its introduction in 1994, Milgram and Kishino's reality-virtuality (RV) continuum has been used to frame virtual and augmented reality research and development. While originally, the RV continuum and the three dimensions of the supporting taxonomy (extent of world knowledge, reproduction fidelity, and extent of presence metaphor) were intended to characterize the capabilities of visual display technology, researchers have embraced the RV continuum while largely ignoring the taxonomy. Considering the leaps in technology made over the last 25 years, revisiting the RV continuum and taxonomy is timely. In reexamining Milgram and Kishino's ideas, we realized, first, that the RV continuum is actually discontinuous; perfect virtual reality cannot be reached. Secondly, mixed reality is broader than previously believed, and, in fact, encompasses conventional virtual reality experiences. Finally, our revised taxonomy adds coherence, accounting for the role of users, which is critical to assessing modern mixed reality experiences. The 3D space created by our taxonomy incorporates familiar constructs such as presence and immersion, and also proposes new constructs that may be important as mixed reality technology matures.

Automated summary

Milgram and Kishino's RV continuum and taxonomy have played an important role in virtual and augmented reality research, with researchers mostly focusing on the continuum and less on the taxonomy. The advancements in technology over the past 25 years have prompted a reexamination of the RV continuum and taxonomy, revealing the discontinuity in virtual reality and the broad scope of mixed reality. The revised taxonomy adds coherence by incorporating the role of users and proposing new constructs for assessing modern mixed reality experiences as the technology matures.