From Pandemic Control to Data-Driven Governance: The Case of China's Health Code

Current debates over digital contact tracing mainly focus on the tools and experiences in the West. China's health code, while often seen as one of the earliest and most widely adopted apps since the outbreak of COVID-19, has not been studied specifically. This article provides a detailed analysis of the health code, draws comparison with the contact tracing apps developed by Google and Apple, and seeks to understand the specifications and contradictions internal to the health code's development and deployment in China. Looking at both technical features and the mode and process of its adoption, the article argues that the health code is strictly speaking not a contact tracing tool, but a technology of population control which is integrated in traditional forms of control and facilitates the enhancement of such control. As a technology of ruling the population, rather than the virus as such, the health code also reveals crucial problems in the modernization and informatization of the state governance and public administration. A critique on the health code solely informed by privacy and personal data protection runs the risk of being co-opted by the government and technology companies deploying such tools to expand their surveillance and regulatory power.

Automated summary

This article provides a detailed analysis of China's health code, comparing it with contact tracing apps developed by Google and Apple, in order to understand the specifications and contradictions internal to its development and deployment. The health code is not strictly a contact tracing tool, but a technology used for population control which raises significant issues related to state governance and public administration in terms of modernization and informatization. Critiques of the health code that only focus on privacy and personal data protection may risk being manipulated by government and technology companies for surveillance and regulatory purposes.