Complex 3D bioprinting methods

3D bioprinting technology is evolving in complexity to enable human-scale, high-resolution, and multi-cellular constructs to better mimic the native tissue microenvironment. The ultimate goal is to achieve necessary complexity in the bioprinting process to biomanufacture fully-functional tissues and organs to address organ shortage and lack of patient-specific disease models. In this Review, we presented an in-depth overview of complex 3D bioprinting approaches including evolution of complex bioprinting, from simple gel-casting approach to multi-material bioprinting to omnidirectional bioprinting approaches, and emerging bioprinting approaches, including 4D bioprinting and in situ bioprinting technologies.

Automated summary

3D bioprinting technology is advancing to create human-scale structures with high complexity, aiming to mimic native tissue microenvironments and produce fully-functional tissues and organs to address organ shortage. Various approaches, from simple gel-casting to omnidirectional bioprinting, are being explored, along with emerging technologies like 4D bioprinting and in situ bioprinting.