4.8 Review

Initialized Earth System prediction from subseasonal to decadal timescales

期刊

NATURE REVIEWS EARTH & ENVIRONMENT
卷 2, 期 5, 页码 340-357

出版社

SPRINGERNATURE
DOI: 10.1038/s43017-021-00155-x

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资金

  1. Regional and Global Model Analysis (RGMA) component of the Earth and Environmental System Modeling Program of the US Department of Energy's Office of Biological & Environmental Research (BER) via National Science Foundation [IA 1844590]
  2. National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) - National Science Foundation (NSF) [1852977]
  3. Australian Research Council [CE170100023]
  4. DOE/BER RGMA HiLAT-RASM
  5. NSF Paleoclimate Program [1748097]
  6. H2020 EUCP project [776613]
  7. Ramon y Cajal 2017 grant [RYC-2017-22964]
  8. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Climate Program Office's Modeling Analysis, Prediction and Projections (MAPP) Program
  9. NOAA Climate Program Office's Climate Variability and Predictability (CVP) Program
  10. NOAA Climate Variability and Predictability Program [NA18OAR4310405]
  11. NOAA-MAPP [NA17OAR4310106]
  12. NSF [OCE-1752724, OCE-1931242]
  13. NCAR Advanced Study Program
  14. Joint Institute for the Study of the Atmosphere and Ocean (JISAO) Postdoctoral Fellowship
  15. Met Office Hadley Centre Climate Programme - Department for Business, Energy & Industrial Strategy (BEIS)
  16. Met Office Hadley Centre Climate Programme - Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra)
  17. European Commission Horizon 2020 EUCP project [GA 776613]
  18. Directorate For Geosciences
  19. Div Atmospheric & Geospace Sciences [1748097] Funding Source: National Science Foundation

向作者/读者索取更多资源

Initialized climate predictions offer distinct benefits for multiple stakeholders on subseasonal, seasonal, and decadal timescales. While there have been some skilful predictions in various areas, challenges remain, and future efforts should focus on reducing model error, improving communication of forecasts, and enhancing process and mechanistic understanding to increase predictive skill and confidence.
Initialized climate predictions offer distinct benefits for multiple stakeholders. This Review discusses initialized prediction on subseasonal to seasonal (S2S), seasonal to interannual (S2I) and seasonal to decadal (S2D) timescales, highlighting potential for skilful predictions in the years to come. Initialized Earth System predictions are made by starting a numerical prediction model in a state as consistent as possible to observations and running it forward in time for up to 10 years. Skilful predictions at time slices from subseasonal to seasonal (S2S), seasonal to interannual (S2I) and seasonal to decadal (S2D) offer information useful for various stakeholders, ranging from agriculture to water resource management to human and infrastructure safety. In this Review, we examine the processes influencing predictability, and discuss estimates of skill across S2S, S2I and S2D timescales. There are encouraging signs that skilful predictions can be made: on S2S timescales, there has been some skill in predicting the Madden-Julian Oscillation and North Atlantic Oscillation; on S2I, in predicting the El Nino-Southern Oscillation; and on S2D, in predicting ocean and atmosphere variability in the North Atlantic region. However, challenges remain, and future work must prioritize reducing model error, more effectively communicating forecasts to users, and increasing process and mechanistic understanding that could enhance predictive skill and, in turn, confidence. As numerical models progress towards Earth System models, initialized predictions are expanding to include prediction of sea ice, air pollution, and terrestrial and ocean biochemistry that can bring clear benefit to society and various stakeholders.

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