期刊
BRITISH EDUCATIONAL RESEARCH JOURNAL
卷 47, 期 5, 页码 1340-1360出版社
WILEY
DOI: 10.1002/berj.3729
关键词
academic self‐ concept; grade retention; multilevel research; reference group theory
This study examines the impact of grade retention on academic self-concept, finding that retention decreases students' academic self-concept, especially in schools with a higher retention composition. The negative association between grade retention and academic self-concept is mediated by a sense of belonging. The number of retainees within a given context does not affect the impact of being retained on academic self-concept.
Previous studies on the impact of grade retention on academic self-concept suffer from inconclusive findings. There is no consensus if retention yields long-term benefits that could offset its opportunity costs and, if so, under what conditions. Therefore, this article examines whether grade retention decreases academic self-concept and whether this relationship is mediated by sense of belonging. Moreover, we aim to contextualise retention research by accounting for schools' retention composition. Based on reference group theory, the effect of grade retention composition on academic self-concept is expected to be twofold. Normative reference grouping leads to the assumption that students in high retention composition schools will exhibit lower levels of academic self-concept, because retainees' values are more likely to spread across all students within the same school. Comparative reference grouping might lead to a moderation effect of retention composition on the relationship between grade retention and academic self-concept. Multilevel analyses on International Study of City Youth data, consisting of 2,354 students in 30 secondary schools in Ghent (Flanders), revealed a negative association between grade retention and academic self-concept, which was mediated by sense of belonging. Students in high retention composition schools had a significantly lower academic self-concept. The impact of being retained on academic self-concept is not affected by the number of retainees within a given context. Implications are discussed.
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