Marquesan ceramics, palaeotsunami, and megalithic architecture: Ho'oumi Beach site (NHo-3) in regional perspective

The iconic Ho'oumi Beach site (NHo-3), Nuku Hiva Island (Marquesas), was excavated by Robert Suggs in the late 1950s. It figured importantly in his island-wide reconstruction of settlement patterns, socio-political organisation, material culture and subsistence change - a cultural historical framework that has guided Marquesan archaeology for six decades. Ho'oumi is also one of four Marquesan localities where prehistoric ceramics have been found. We revisited Ho'oumi to acquire chronological and palaeoenvironmental context for two cultural occupations reported by Suggs. Eight C-14 determinations on short-lived materials and new marine reservoir corrections are reported, and the overall series evaluated using Bayesian modelling. A single ceramic sherd, previously assigned to a Fijian source, is attributed to the thirteenth to fourteenth centuries AD - a period when Marquesans engaged in long-distance voyaging. A significant marine inundation disrupted the associated occupation, leading to sustained coastal abandonment. Stratigraphic and historical evidence suggests this was apalaeotsunami, which may also be represented at Hane (Ua Huka Island). House pavements of the early occupation were replaced by raised megalithic house foundations, probably around the late seventeenth to mid-eighteenth centuries AD, but material culture changes were modest. By late prehistory, mature native forest was largely replaced by secondary species and Polynesian introductions.

Automated summary

The iconic Ho'oumi Beach site on Nuku Hiva Island in the Marquesas was excavated in the late 1950s, providing valuable insights into settlement patterns, socio-political organization, material culture, and subsistence change. Through revisiting the site, new information was obtained regarding long-distance voyaging by the Marquesans in the 13th to 14th centuries AD and the impact of marine inundation on coastal abandonment. This study also revealed the replacement of early house pavements with megalithic foundations in the late prehistoric period, along with changes in the native forest environment.