Mapping gauged Q-balls

Scalar field theories with particular U(1)-symmetric potentials contain nontopological soliton solutions called Q-balls. Promoting the U(1) to a gauge symmetry leads to the more complicated situation of gauged Q-balls. The soliton solutions to the resulting set of nonlinear differential equations have markedly different properties, such as a maximal possible size and charge. Despite these differences, we discover a relation that allows one to extract the properties of gauged Q-balls (such as the radius, charge, and energy) from the more easily obtained properties of global Q-balls. These results provide a new guide to understanding gauged Q-balls as well as providing simple and accurate analytical characterization of the Q-ball properties.

Automated summary

A relation is discovered that allows one to extract the properties of gauged Q-balls from the more easily obtained properties of global Q-balls, including radius, charge, and energy. Despite the marked differences in properties between gauged Q-balls and global Q-balls, this study provides a new guide to understanding gauged Q-balls.