Insomnia, Suicidal Ideation, and Suicide Attempts in the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness

Objective: Insomnia occurs frequently in the clinical course of schizophrenia. There is a robust association between insomnia and suicide in other psychiatric disorders. Several previous studies found associations between insomnia and suicidal ideation, suicide attempt, and psychopathology in schizophrenia. We explored these associations in a cross-sectional study of a large sample of patients with schizophrenia. Methods: In February 2020, we investigated relationships between current insomnia, suicidal ideation over the past 2 weeks, suicide attempt in the past 6 months (assessed by either the Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia or self-report), and current psychopathology for subjects with baseline data from the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (DSM-IV schizophrenia trial conducted 2001-2004) using regression models. Results: After controlling for multiple potential confounding factors, terminal insomnia was associated with significant, 2.7-fold increased odds of current suicidal ideation (OR = 2.7, 95% CI = 2.0-3.6, P <.001). Initial/middle insomnia was associated with a significant, 5.5-fold increased odds of suicide attempt in the past 6 months (OR = 5.5, 95% CI = 1.4-21.1, P =.013). Terminal insomnia was also a significant indicator of higher Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale total (beta = 0.12, P <.001), positive subscale (beta = 0.11, P <.001), and general psychopathology subscale (beta = 0.14, P <.001) scores. There were no other significant associations between insomnia, suicidal thinking or behavior, and psychopathology. Conclusions: Insomnia is associated with suicidal ideation, recent suicide attempt, and greater psychopathology in schizophrenia. Findings provide additional evidence that formal assessment of insomnia is relevant to the clinical care of patients with schizophrenia as an indicator of suicidal ideation and behavior, as well as symptom severity.

Automated summary

Insomnia is associated with suicidal ideation, recent suicide attempt, and greater psychopathology in schizophrenia. Terminal insomnia is significantly associated with current suicidal ideation, while initial/middle insomnia is significantly associated with a recent suicide attempt. Insomnia appears to be an important indicator in the clinical care of patients with schizophrenia.