The philosophers and the crucibles. New data on the 17th-18th century remains from the Old Ashmolean laboratory, Oxford

The differentiation between alchemy and chemistry as separate disciplines is relatively recent. As such, an understanding of the early history of chemistry requires an approach to actual laboratory activities that avoids anachronistic biases and generalisations. This paper presents the analytical study of an assemblage of early modern chemical vessels used in the laboratory of the Old Ashmolean Museum in Oxford, the first university institution in Britain where chemistry was taught. We explore the nature and range of laboratory activities conducted there in the late 17th and early 18th centuries, at a time when Europe witnessed the rise of the new experimental sciences and major technological advancements. The assemblage comprises crucibles of different types, ceramic distillation equipment and other containers. The analyses of residues found within them indicate that the laboratory's experimental programme engaged some of the most relevant technological as well as philosophical quests of the time, including the production/working of new types of glass and the distillation of zinc. The results reinforce the idea of a tightly connected chemical community operating in early modern Oxford and beyond, with members including both natural philosophers and industrial entrepreneurs, and whose aims straddled the investigation of nature as well as the pursuit of profit. Moreover, this archaeological study makes visible the epistemic exchanges between the more scholarly and the more artisanal worlds, thus making a relevant contribution to the history of early modern science.

Automated summary

This paper presents an analytical study of early modern chemical vessels used in the laboratory of the Old Ashmolean Museum in Oxford, exploring the nature and range of laboratory activities conducted in the late 17th and early 18th centuries. The analyses of residues found within the vessels indicate engagement in technological and philosophical quests at the time.