期刊
ACS CHEMICAL HEALTH & SAFETY
卷 28, 期 4, 页码 268-278出版社
AMER CHEMICAL SOC
DOI: 10.1021/acs.chas.0c00129
关键词
additive manufacturing; 3-D printing irritants; asthmagens; carcinogens; bisphenols
资金
- NIOSH intramural research funds
- South African Department of Science and Innovation through the Competitive Programme in Additive Manufacturing
Extrusion of high-melt-temperature polymers on large-format additive manufacturing machines can release particles and gases, some of which may have negative implications for human health, therefore further exposure and risk assessments are necessary. The study found that harmful substances like BPA and BPS could be spread through the air and contaminate work surfaces during the extrusion process.
Extrusion of high-melt-temperature polymers on large-format additive manufacturing (LFAM) machines releases particles and gases, though there is no data describing their physical and chemical characteristics. Emissions from two LFAM machines were monitored during extrusion of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and polycarbonate (PC) polymers as well as high-melt-temperature Ultem (poly(ether imide)), polysulfone (PSU), poly(ether sulfone) (PESU), and polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) polymers. Filter samples of particles were collected for quantification of elements and bisphenol A and S (BPA, BPS) and visualization of morphology. Individual gases were quantified on substance-specific media. Aerosol sampling demonstrated that concentrations of elements were generally low for all polymers, with a maximum of 1.6 mg/m(3) for iron during extrusion of Ultem. BPA, an endocrine disruptor, was released into air during extrusion of PC (range: 0.4 +/- 0.1 to 21.3 +/- 5.3 mu g/m(3)). BPA and BPS (also an endocrine disruptor) were released into air during extrusion of PESU (BPA, 2.0-8.7 mu g/m(3); BPS, 0.03-0.07 mu g/m(3)). Work surfaces and printed parts were contaminated with BPA (<8-587 ng/100 cm(2)) and BPS (<0.22-2.5 ng/100 cm(2)). Gas-phase sampling quantified low levels of respiratory irritants (phenol, SO2, toluene, xylenes), possible or known asthmagens (caprolactam, methyl methacrylate, 4-oxopentanal, styrene), and possible occupational carcinogens (benzene, formaldehyde, acetaldehyde) in air. Characteristics of particles and gases released by high-melt-temperature polymers during LFAM varied, which indicated the need for polymer-specific exposure and risk assessments. The presence of BPA and BPS on surfaces revealed a previously unrecognized source of dermal exposure for additive manufacturing workers using PC and PESU polymers.
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