4.7 Review

Therapeutic targets and interventional strategies in COVID-19: mechanisms and clinical studies

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Methylprednisolone as Adjunctive Therapy for Patients Hospitalized With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19; Metcovid): A Randomized, Double-blind, Phase IIb, Placebo-controlled Trial

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Summary: This study evaluated the efficacy of methylprednisolone (MP) among hospitalized patients with suspected COVID-19 and found that a short course of MP did not reduce mortality in the overall population. However, patients over 60 years old in the MP group had a lower mortality rate, suggesting potential benefits for this age group.

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Efficacy and safety of umifenovir for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): A systematic review and meta-analysis

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Summary: The study evaluated the efficacy and safety of umifenovir in COVID-19, indicating some effectiveness in certain aspects but failing to demonstrate improvement in important patient outcomes.

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SARS-CoV-2 infection, COVID-19 pathogenesis, and exposure to air pollution: What is the connection?

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Repurposing existing drugs for the treatment of COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2 infection: A review describing drug mechanisms of action

Hassan Yousefi et al.

Summary: The outbreak of the novel coronavirus has caused a major global public health concern, with over 31 million cases confirmed and efforts being made to repurpose existing cancer drugs to treat COVID-19. These drugs target the viral replication cycle and immune response, offering a potential novel approach to combat the virus.

BIOCHEMICAL PHARMACOLOGY (2021)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Genome-wide CRISPR Screens Reveal Host Factors Critical for SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Jin Wei et al.

Summary: Identification of essential host genes for SARS-CoV-2 infection, including ACE2 and Cathepsin L, and the discovery of pro-viral genes and pathways specific to SARS lineage and pan-coronavirus provide potential therapeutic targets and insights into pathogenesis of COVID-19. Small-molecule antagonists of these gene products inhibited SARS-CoV-2 infection across species, highlighting their conserved role in susceptibility to highly pathogenic CoVs.
Review Gastroenterology & Hepatology

COVID-19: Discovery, diagnostics and drug development

Tarik Asselah et al.

Summary: COVID-19 started in Wuhan in 2019 and has become a global pandemic. The virus responsible, SARS-CoV-2, shares a high sequence identity with bat- and pangolin-derived coronaviruses. Risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection include age, obesity, diabetes, and hypertension.

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Article Virology

Evolutionary dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein and its consequences

M. Shaminur Rahman et al.

Summary: The study characterized mutations in the nucleocapsid (N) protein of SARS-CoV-2, identifying a significant number of nucleotide and amino acid mutations. Particularly noteworthy were mutations at primer binding sites and high-frequency mutations impacting the protein's structure.

JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY (2021)

Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

In silico T cell epitope identification for SARS-CoV-2: Progress and perspectives

Muhammad Saqib Sohail et al.

Summary: Growing evidence indicates the critical role T cells may play in combating SARS-CoV-2, highlighting the importance of COVID-19 vaccines that can elicit a robust T cell response. In silico methods have been used for the prediction of SARS-CoV-2 T cell epitopes, revealing potential future research directions.

ADVANCED DRUG DELIVERY REVIEWS (2021)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Discovery of New Fusion Inhibitor Peptides against SARS-CoV-2 by Targeting the Spike 52 Subunit

Mahmoud Kandeel et al.

Summary: The study aimed to develop new fusion inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2, designing 12 peptides with peptide #2 demonstrating potent inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 S-mediated cell-cell fusion at 1 μM concentration. This shows promise in the development of new prophylactic and therapeutic agents against SARS-CoV-2.

BIOMOLECULES & THERAPEUTICS (2021)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Evaluating the Effects of SARS-CoV-2 Spike Mutation D614G on Transmissibility and Pathogenicity

Erik Volz et al.

Summary: The study suggests a positive selection for the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein variant D614G in the UK, but no evidence of differences in COVID-19 mortality or clinical severity in patients infected with this variant. 614G is associated with higher viral load and younger age of patients compared to 614D.
Article Microbiology

D614G Spike Mutation Increases SARS CoV-2 Susceptibility to Neutralization

Drew Weissman et al.

Summary: The D614G mutation in the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 is not expected to hinder current vaccine development, as viruses with the G614 spike are more susceptible to neutralization, indicating that the mutation may not affect vaccine efficacy.

CELL HOST & MICROBE (2021)

Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Functional and druggability analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 proteome

Claudio N. Cavasotto et al.

Summary: This study focused on the binding hotspots analysis of the viral proteome of COVID-19, identifying potential druggable sites that could expand current drug discovery efforts. The hope is that these findings will aid in understanding the molecular determinants of the disease and broaden the repertoire of viral targets in the search for repurposed or novel drugs against COVID-19.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY (2021)

Article Medicine, General & Internal

Effect of Bamlanivimab as Monotherapy or in Combination With Etesevimab on Viral Load in Patients With Mild to Moderate COVID-19 A Randomized Clinical Trial

Robert L. Gottlieb et al.

Summary: The study showed that treatment with bamlanivimab and etesevimab was significantly associated with a reduction in SARS-CoV-2 viral load at day 11 in nonhospitalized patients with mild to moderate COVID-19, compared to placebo. However, bamlanivimab monotherapy did not show a significant reduction in viral load. Ongoing clinical trials will focus on assessing the clinical benefits of antispike neutralizing antibodies in COVID-19 patients.

JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION (2021)

Article Medicine, General & Internal

Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2: an interim analysis of four randomised controlled trials in Brazil, South Africa, and the UK

Merryn Voysey et al.

Summary: The ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine has been shown to have an acceptable safety profile and effectiveness against symptomatic COVID-19, with higher efficacy observed in the group that received a low dose followed by a standard dose.

LANCET (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Loss of furin cleavage site attenuates SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis

Bryan A. Johnson et al.

Summary: The genetic mutation in SARS-CoV-2 resulted in better fitness in some cells but lower replication capacity in human respiratory cell lines. Despite reducing disease symptoms, the Delta PRRA mutant provided protection against rechallenge with the wildtype SARS-CoV-2.

NATURE (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Evolution of antibody immunity to SARS-CoV-2

Christian Gaebler et al.

Summary: After infection with SARS-CoV-2, antibody levels against the spike protein decrease significantly, but the number of memory B cells remain unchanged, indicating an evolving humoral response at 6.2 months after infection.

NATURE (2021)

Article Medicine, General & Internal

Repurposed Antiviral Drugs for Covid-19-Interim WHO Solidarity Trial Results

Summary: The authors of the study reported the interim results of using four repurposed antiviral drugs (remdesivir, hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir, and interferon beta-1a) in hospitalized COVID-19 patients. The study showed that these drug regimens had little or no effect on overall mortality, initiation of ventilation, and duration of hospital stay.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

Article Medicine, General & Internal

REGN-COV2, a Neutralizing Antibody Cocktail, in Outpatients with Covid-19

D. M. Weinreich et al.

Summary: Recent data indicate that complications and death from Covid-19 may be related to high viral loads. In this trial involving nonhospitalized patients, a cocktail of two neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (REGN-COV2) reduced viral load, with a greater effect in patients with no immune response or high viral load at baseline. Safety outcomes were similar between REGN-COV2 dose groups and the placebo group.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

Article Medicine, General & Internal

Baricitinib plus Remdesivir for Hospitalized Adults with Covid-19

A. C. Kalil et al.

Summary: Combination treatment with baricitinib plus remdesivir was superior to remdesivir alone in reducing recovery time and accelerating improvement in clinical status among patients with Covid-19, notably among those receiving high-flow oxygen or noninvasive ventilation. The combination was associated with fewer serious adverse events.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

Article Medicine, General & Internal

A Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibody for Hospitalized Patients with Covid-19

Summary: In a platform trial involving patients hospitalized with Covid-19, among 314 patients who were also being treated with remdesivir, those who received the monoclonal antibody LY-CoV555 did not have better pulmonary function at day 5 than those who received placebo. The trial was stopped for futility.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

Article Medicine, General & Internal

SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibody LY-CoV555 in Outpatients with Covid-19

Peter Chen et al.

Summary: LY-CoV555, a neutralizing antibody, showed promising results in reducing viral load, improving symptoms, and lowering the risk of hospitalization among patients with mild or moderate Covid-19. While one of the doses appeared to accelerate the decline in viral load, others did not show significant effects by day 11.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Prospective mapping of viral mutations that escape antibodies used to treat COVID-19

Tyler N. Starr et al.

Summary: Research has found that mutations in the receptor binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 may potentially escape the action of the REGN-COV2 cocktail, providing important information for interpreting mutations observed during viral surveillance.

SCIENCE (2021)

Article Virology

Development of a Cell-Based Luciferase Complementation Assay for Identification of SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro Inhibitors

Jonathan M. O. Rawson et al.

Summary: A novel cell-based luciferase complementation reporter assay has been developed to identify inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 3CL(pro) in a BSL-2 setting. This assay can easily distinguish true 3CL(pro) inhibition from cytotoxicity, reducing false positives during screening and facilitating the identification of more potent inhibitors.

VIRUSES-BASEL (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Molecular determinants and mechanism for antibody cocktail preventing SARS-CoV-2 escape

Zhiqiang Ku et al.

Summary: Antibody cocktails are a promising approach to prevent SARS-CoV-2 escape, with a combination of antibodies CoV2-06 and CoV2-14 identified as effective in preventing viral escape and providing protection in mice, offering new insights for treating COVID-19.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

Article Chemistry, Multidisciplinary

Targeting the Main Protease of SARS-CoV-2: From the Establishment of High Throughput Screening to the Design of Tailored Inhibitors

Julian Breidenbach et al.

Summary: Two classes of protease inhibitors, azanitriles and pyridyl esters, were identified and optimized for potential use against COVID-19. Tailored peptides with unique azanitrile warheads showed promising results in inhibiting M-pro and cathepsin L. Through a focused approach, two irreversible inhibitors, azanitrile 8 and pyridyl ester 17, have been discovered as potential drug candidates for further development.

ANGEWANDTE CHEMIE-INTERNATIONAL EDITION (2021)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Reduced neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 variant by convalescent and vaccine sera

Piyada Supasa et al.

Summary: Research on the UK-dominant variant B.1.1.7 shows that it is harder to neutralize than the parental virus, but widespread escape from antibodies or monoclonal antibodies has not been observed yet.
Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Evidence of escape of SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.351 from natural and vaccine-induced sera

Daming Zhou et al.

Summary: The race to develop vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 variants, such as B.1.1.7, B.1.351, and P.1, is ongoing as these variants have mutations in the spike protein, potentially leading to immune escape. A structure-function analysis of B.1.351 revealed tighter ACE2 binding and widespread evasion from monoclonal antibody neutralization, particularly driven by the E484K mutation.
Article Microbiology

SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.1.7 is susceptible to neutralizing antibodies elicited by ancestral spike vaccines

Xiaoying Shen et al.

Summary: Current COVID-19 vaccines target the ancestral SARS-CoV-2 spike, but the emerging B.1.1.7 variant with multiple spike mutations may impact some antibody therapies while posing no major concerns for vaccine efficacy or increased risk of reinfection.

CELL HOST & MICROBE (2021)

Article Microbiology

Potent SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies directed against spike N-terminal domain target a single supersite

Gabriele Cerutti et al.

Summary: Structural analysis revealed that seven potent NTD-directed neutralizing antibodies target a common surface on NTD, forming a single supersite different from the recognition pattern of RBD-directed antibodies.

CELL HOST & MICROBE (2021)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Glycyrrhizin prevents SARS-CoV-2 S1 and Orf3a induced high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) release and inhibits viral replication

Pruthvi Gowda et al.

Summary: This study highlights the crucial role of HMGB1 in regulating COVID-19 pathogenesis and demonstrates that the inhibitor Glycyrrhizin can mitigate cellular perturbations and proinflammatory responses induced by SARS-CoV-2 viral proteins. Glycyrrhizin not only inhibits virus replication, but also dampens the release of proinflammatory cytokines, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic option for SARS-CoV-2 infection.

CYTOKINE (2021)

Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

High Mobility Group Box 1 Release by Cholangiocytes Governs Biliary Atresia Pathogenesis and Correlates With Increases in Afflicted Infants

Sujit K. Mohanty et al.

Summary: Biliary atresia (BA) is a devastating cholangiopathy of infancy. Research has shown that HMGB1 plays a role in virus-induced BA pathogenesis and could be a target for therapeutic interventions.

HEPATOLOGY (2021)

Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Thromboembolic Adverse Drug Reactions in Janus Kinase (JAK) Inhibitors: Does the Inhibitor Specificity Play a Role?

Przemyslaw J. Kotyla et al.

Summary: Recent advances in immunology have led to the characterization of signal transmitting pathways, among which Janus kinases are essential components. While JAK inhibitors have shown efficacy in treating leukemia and rheumatological disorders, they may also increase the risk of venous thrombosis in patients.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2021)

Article Cell Biology

Akt-independent effects of triciribine on ACE2 expression in human lung epithelial cells: Potential benefits in restricting SARS-CoV2 infection

Mir S. Adil et al.

Summary: The study showed that the Akt inhibitor TCBN can reduce the expression of ACE2 in lung cells, potentially inhibiting the entry of the COVID-19 virus. Additionally, it was found that HMGB1 and hyperglycemia can increase ACE2 expression, which can be blunted by TCBN treatment.

JOURNAL OF CELLULAR PHYSIOLOGY (2021)

Article Immunology

S-Variant SARS-CoV-2 Lineage B1.1.7 Is Associated With Significantly Higher Viral Load in Samples Tested by TaqPath Polymerase Chain Reaction

Michael Kidd et al.

Summary: Analysis of recent test data shows that samples containing the SARS-CoV-2 variant B1.1.7 with mutation Delta 69/70 exhibit S gene target failure (SGTF) in ThermoFisher TaqPath RT-qPCR. Samples with SGTF profile are more likely to have higher viral loads, indicating higher infectivity and rapid spread of this variant.

JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

Letter Virology

Importation of SARS-CoV-2 Variant B.1.1.7 in Pakistan

Massab Umair et al.

JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY (2021)

Article Medicine, General & Internal

Single-dose administration and the influence of the timing of the booster dose on immunogenicity and efficacy of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) vaccine: a pooled analysis of four randomised trials

Merryn Voysey et al.

Summary: The AZD1222 vaccine has been approved for emergency use in the UK with an interval of 4-12 weeks between doses. Analysis shows that the vaccine is efficacious with two doses and provides immunoprotection after the first dose before the second dose is administered.

LANCET (2021)

Article Medicine, General & Internal

Safety and efficacy of an rAd26 and rAd5 vector-based heterologous prime-boost COVID-19 vaccine: an interim analysis of a randomised controlled phase 3 trial in Russia

Denis Y. Logunov et al.

Summary: The Gam-COVID-Vac vaccine showed 91.6% efficacy against COVID-19 in the phase 3 trial, with good safety and tolerability in a large cohort of participants.

LANCET (2021)

Editorial Material Medicine, General & Internal

Sputnik V COVID-19 vaccine candidate appears safe and effective Comment

Ian Jones et al.

LANCET (2021)

News Item Multidisciplinary Sciences

NOVAVAX OFFERS FIRST EVIDENCE THAT COVID VACCINES PROTECT PEOPLE AGAINST VARIANTS

Ewen Callaway et al.

NATURE (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Antibody resistance of SARS-CoV-2 variants B.1.351 and B.1.1.7

Pengfei Wang et al.

Summary: The COVID-19 pandemic has had global repercussions, with promising vaccines and monoclonal antibody therapies. However, newly detected variants of SARS-CoV-2 present challenges to these treatment options.

NATURE (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

mRNA vaccine-elicited antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 and circulating variants

Zijun Wang et al.

Summary: Volunteers who received the Moderna or Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine showed high levels of antibodies and memory B cell responses against SARS-CoV-2, with activity similar to individuals who had recovered from natural infection. However, their efficacy against specific SARS-CoV-2 variants was reduced, indicating a potential need for periodic updates to mRNA vaccines to maintain clinical efficacy.

NATURE (2021)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

SARS-CoV-2 501Y.V2 escapes neutralization by South African COVID-19 donor plasma

Constantinos Kurt Wibmer et al.

Summary: The SARS-CoV-2 virus in the B.1.351 variant discovered in South Africa can evade neutralization by most antibodies when expressed, but does not affect binding by convalescent plasma. This suggests the potential for reinfection with antigenically distinct variants and predicts reduced efficacy of spike-based vaccines.

NATURE MEDICINE (2021)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 spike 69/70 deletion, E484K and N501Y variants by BNT162b2 vaccine-elicited sera

Xuping Xie et al.

Summary: The study found that human sera from recipients of the BNT162b2 vaccine can neutralize SARS-CoV-2 viruses containing key spike mutations from the newly emerged UK and SA variants.

NATURE MEDICINE (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.1.7 pseudovirus by BNT162b2 vaccine-elicited human sera

Alexander Muik et al.

Summary: A new SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.1.7 has emerged in the UK, which is more transmissible and faster spreading than other strains. However, a study found that the BNT162b2 vaccine offers largely preserved protection against the B.1.1.7 lineage, despite some reduced neutralizing titers.

SCIENCE (2021)

Article Immunology

A preliminary report of a randomized controlled phase 2 trial of the safety and immunogenicity of mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine

Laurence Chu et al.

Summary: The study evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of the mRNA-1273 vaccine in healthy adults, showing significant immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 with acceptable safety profile. This vaccine induced higher antibody levels at a 100 mg dose, confirming its immunogenicity and safety for use in a 2-dose regimen.

VACCINE (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Structure of papain-like protease from SARS-CoV-2 and its complexes with non-covalent inhibitors

Jerzy Osipiuk et al.

Summary: The study focused on papain-like protease (PLpro) as a potential target for antivirals against SARS-CoV-2, identifying inhibitors and their interactions with the enzyme. The findings demonstrate the potential for developing high-affinity inhibitors through structure-based drug design efforts targeting PLpro.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

Letter Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Maximum incubation period for COVID-19 infection: Do we need to rethink the 14-day quarantine policy?

Boris Bikbov et al.

TRAVEL MEDICINE AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE (2021)

News Item Medicine, General & Internal

Covid-19: Novavax vaccine efficacy is 86% against UK variant and 60% against South African variant

Elisabeth Mahase

BMJ-BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL (2021)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

N-terminal domain antigenic mapping reveals a site of vulnerability for SARS-CoV-2

Matthew McCallum et al.

Summary: The study identifies 41 human monoclonal antibodies that recognize the N-terminal domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and exhibit strong neutralizing activity. These antibodies inhibit cell-to-cell fusion, activate effector functions, and protect animals from virus challenge, highlighting the importance of NTD-specific neutralizing antibodies for protective immunity and vaccine development. Several SARS-CoV-2 variants with mutations in the NTD supersite suggest ongoing selective pressure on the virus.
Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

SARS-CoV-2 variants B.1.351 and P.1 escape from neutralizing antibodies

Markus Hoffmann et al.

Summary: The emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants may exhibit resistance to existing neutralizing antibodies and treatments, which could have significant implications for pandemic containment efforts.
Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Antibody evasion by the P.1 strain of SARS-CoV-2

Wanwisa Dejnirattisai et al.

Summary: Ending the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic requires global vaccination. New virus strains with mutations impact antibody responses, but some variants are less resistant than others. A monoclonal antibody can neutralize different variants and partially restore neutralization potency for other public antibodies.
Article Immunology

Immunogenicity and efficacy of one and two doses of Ad26.COV2.S COVID vaccine in adult and aged NHP

Laura Solforosi et al.

Summary: A two-dose regimen of Ad26.COV2.S vaccine induced higher antibody responses in aged NHPs and provided better protection against SARS-CoV-2. Neutralizing antibody responses remained stable for at least 14 weeks in one-dose regimens, indicating good durability.

JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE (2021)

Article Medicine, General & Internal

Efficacy of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern 202012/01 (B.1.1.7): an exploratory analysis of a randomised controlled trial

Katherine R. W. Emary et al.

Summary: A post-hoc analysis was conducted on the efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine against the B.1.1.7 variant of SARS-CoV-2 in the UK. The vaccine showed reduced neutralisation activity against the B.1.1.7 variant in vitro, but still demonstrated efficacy against the B.1.1.7 variant of the virus.

LANCET (2021)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

D936Y and Other Mutations in the Fusion Core of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Heptad Repeat 1: Frequency, Geographical Distribution, and Structural Effect

Romina Oliva et al.

Summary: The spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 is crucial for the virus to enter host cells, with the fusion core HR1 playing a key role in infectivity. Over time, novel mutations in the HR1 fusion core have been accumulated, with D936Y being one of the most frequent mutations, particularly prevalent in Europe and USA. Molecular dynamics studies show that the D936Y mutation affects the post-fusion state of the protein.

MOLECULES (2021)

Letter Medicine, General & Internal

Effectiveness of the BNT162b2 Covid-19 Vaccine against the B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 Variants

Laith J. Abu-Raddad et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

Review Virology

Precision therapeutic targets for COVID-19

Zachary A. Krumm et al.

Summary: Since late 2019, the emergence of SARS-CoV-2 has led to a widespread global pandemic with millions infected and hundreds of thousands dead. Current clinical management primarily involves supportive care, with some medications showing modest benefits in hospitalized patients. No specific antiviral drugs for SARS-CoV-2 are available, but several vaccines have been approved for use, highlighting the potential for a multi-drug cocktail strategy targeting key viral proteins to effectively inhibit virus replication and limit spread.

VIROLOGY JOURNAL (2021)

Article Virology

Screening of FDA-Approved Drugs Using a MERS-CoV Clinical Isolate from South Korea Identifies Potential Therapeutic Options for COVID-19

Meehyun Ko et al.

Summary: This study identified potential therapeutic options for MERS-CoV infections and suggested basis for treating COVID-19 and other coronavirus-related illnesses by screening a variety of compounds, including existing drugs and bioactives, and testing drug combinations in vitro.

VIRUSES-BASEL (2021)

Article Cell Biology

Humoral immune response to circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants elicited by inactivated and RBD-subunit vaccines

Yunlong Cao et al.

Summary: The study found that the diversity of anti-RBD NAbs plays a major role in neutralization against SARS-CoV-2 variants, especially 501Y.V2, with E484K being the dominant cause of neutralization reduction. Specific antibodies respond differently to mutations in RBD variants, with lower diversity observed in NTD antibodies. RBD-subunit vaccinees exhibit higher tolerance to neutralization against variants, while extending the interval between doses of ZF2001 enhances neutralizing activity and tolerance to variants.

CELL RESEARCH (2021)

Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Neutralizing activity of Sputnik V vaccine sera against SARS-CoV-2 variants

Satoshi Ikegame et al.

Summary: The authors characterize the neutralizing capacity of post-Sputnik V vaccination sera against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern B.1.1.7 (alpha) and B.1.351 (beta), showing the latter to exhibit resistance to neutralization in vitro.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

Letter Infectious Diseases

Serum sample neutralisation of BBIBP-CorV and ZF2001 vaccines to SARS-CoV-2 501Y.V2

Baoying Huang et al.

LANCET MICROBE (2021)

Letter Medicine, General & Internal

Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine

Danuta M. Skowronski et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Cathepsin L plays a key role in SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans and humanized mice and is a promising target for new drug development

Miao-Miao Zhao et al.

Summary: CTSL plays a crucial role in COVID-19 patients, with its levels positively correlated with disease severity. Research showed that CTSL promotes SARS-CoV-2 virus entry into cells, and the CTSL inhibitor amantadine can inhibit this process, providing a direction for the development of new anti-COVID-19 drugs.

SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION AND TARGETED THERAPY (2021)

Article Genetics & Heredity

Mutational insights into the envelope protein of SARS-CoV-2

M. Shaminur Rahman et al.

Summary: The E protein of SARS-CoV-2 has shown high conservation with only a small percentage of mutant strains, most of which contain unique amino acid substitutions in the C-terminal domain. Mutations in the E gene may affect the efficacy of COVID-19 detection methods. The study highlights the importance of continuous monitoring of structural proteins, particularly the envelope protein, due to increasing genome sequences worldwide.

GENE REPORTS (2021)

Letter Immunology

Local Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Lineage B.1.1.7, Brazil, December 2020

Ingra Morales Claro et al.

Summary: In December 2020, the B.1.1.7 lineage of SARS-CoV-2 was detected in Sao Paulo, Brazil, with two distinct introductions identified through rapid genomic sequencing. There may be more infections with this lineage in Brazil than officially reported.

EMERGING INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

The D614G mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein: Implications for viral infectivity, disease severity and vaccine design

Danielle C. Groves et al.

Summary: The global spread of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has triggered extensive genetic sequencing efforts to characterize the geographical distribution and molecular evolution of the virus. The emergence of the D614G variant as the dominant form worldwide has led to discussions about its effects on virus characteristics, clinical outcomes of infection, and host immune response.

BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

Letter Medicine, General & Internal

Neutralizing Antibody LY-CoV555 for Outpatient Covid-19

Arturo Casadevall et al.

Summary: Research indicates that the antiviral activity of the monoclonal antibody LY-CoV555 was highest at the middle dose when treating patients with Covid-19. Additionally, there may be a correlation between dosage and efficacy, suggesting the possibility of dosage-dependent effects on the monoclonal antibody's efficacy.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

Article Immunology

SARS-CoV-2 membrane glycoprotein M antagonizes the MAVS-mediated innate antiviral response

Yu-Zhi Fu et al.

Summary: A novel SARS-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has emerged as a serious pathogen causing high morbidity and mortality. The membrane glycoprotein M of SARS-CoV-2 was identified as a negative regulator of the innate immune response by impairing MAVS aggregation and downstream signaling, thus evading the innate antiviral response.

CELLULAR & MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

Article Cell & Tissue Engineering

SARS-CoV-2 Entry Receptor ACE2 Is Expressed on Very Small CD45-Precursors of Hematopoietic and Endothelial Cells and in Response to Virus Spike Protein Activates the Nlrp3 Inflammasome

Mariusz Z. Ratajczak et al.

Summary: ACE2 is a key player in the RAAS system and serves as the entry receptor for SARS-CoV-2. It is expressed on a specific type of stem cells in human umbilical cord blood, raising concerns about potential virus infection and damage. Interaction of ACE2 with SARS-CoV-2 spike protein activates Nlrp3 inflammasome in stem cells, indicating possible adverse effects on tissue/organ regeneration.

STEM CELL REVIEWS AND REPORTS (2021)

Letter Immunology

Fusion mechanism of 2019-nCoV and fusion inhibitors targeting HR1 domain in spike protein

Shuai Xia et al.

CELLULAR & MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY (2020)

Editorial Material Chemistry, Medicinal

Angiotensin receptor blockers as tentative SARS-CoV-2 therapeutics

David Gurwitz

DRUG DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH (2020)

Article Medicine, General & Internal

Clinical Characteristics of 138 Hospitalized Patients With 2019 Novel Coronavirus-Infected Pneumonia in Wuhan, China

Dawei Wang et al.

JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION (2020)

Article Medicine, General & Internal

Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China

Chaolin Huang et al.

LANCET (2020)

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