Bilirubin detection by different methods with special emphasis on biosensing: A review

Bilirubin, a breakdown product of hemoglobin, is a remarkable marker for diagnosis of hemolytic disorders. In a healthy human 200 to 300 mg of bilirubin is produced and excreted per day. Bilirubin concentration ranges from 0.3 to 1.9 mg/100 mL of blood. Low bilirubin concentration in the blood is coupled with high risk of coronary heart diseases and iron deficiency. Serum bilirubin level above than 2.5 mg/100 mL, leads to hyperbilirubinemia. Therefore, measurement of serum bilirubin level is of great significance. Present review highlights various methods for analysis of bilirubin, with special insistence on bio-sensing methods. Till now, a variety of nano materials have been exploited for improvement of different biosensors during the past few decades. The future research, therefore, could be spotlighted on the miniaturization of bilirubin biosensors by reconciling the properties of interface with nanoparticles through engineering morphology, particle size, effective surface area, functionality, adsorption capability and electron-communication properties.

Automated summary

This article discusses the importance of bilirubin as a marker for diagnosis of hemolytic disorders, the normal range of bilirubin concentration in blood, the relationship between low bilirubin concentration and related diseases, and the dangers of hyperbilirubinemia. It also mentions various methods for bilirubin analysis and future research directions.