Resurgence initiation and subsolidus eruption of cold carapace of warm magma at Toba Caldera, Sumatra

Post-caldera eruptions at Toba Caldera, Sumatra, following the supereruption 74,000 years ago, sampled cooler margins of the warm magma reservoir and imply its heterogeneity, according to thermochronology analyses coupled with Bayesian statistics. Supervolcanoes like Toba Caldera, Sumatra, produce the largest eruptions on Earth. However, the magmatic conditions and processes during the period of recovery after catastrophic supereruptions, known as resurgence, are poorly understood. Here we use Bayesian statistical analysis and inverse thermal history modelling of feldspar argon-argon and zircon uranium-thorium/helium ages to investigate resurgence after the 74-thousand-year-old Youngest Toba Tuff eruption. We identify a discordance of up to around 13.6 thousand years between older feldspar and younger zircon ages. Our modelling suggests cold storage of feldspar antecrysts prior to eruption for a maximum duration of around 5 and 13 thousand years at between 280 degrees C and 500 degrees C. We propose that the solidified carapace of remnant magma after the Youngest Toba Tuff eruption erupted in a subsolidus state, without being thermally remobilized or rejuvenated. Our study indicates that resurgent uplift and volcanism initiated approximately 5 thousand years after the climactic caldera forming supereruption. Post-caldera eruptions at Toba Caldera, Sumatra, following the supereruption 74,000 years ago, sampled cooler margins of the warm magma reservoir and imply its heterogeneity, according to thermochronology analyses coupled with Bayesian statistics. Supervolcanoes like Toba Caldera, Sumatra, produce the largest eruptions on Earth. However, the magmatic conditions and processes during the period of recovery after catastrophic supereruptions, known as resurgence, are poorly understood. Here we use Bayesian statistical analysis and inverse thermal history modelling of feldspar argon-argon and zircon uranium-thorium/helium ages to investigate resurgence after the 74-thousand-year-old Youngest Toba Tuff eruption. We identify a discordance of up to around 13.6 thousand years between older feldspar and younger zircon ages. Our modelling suggests cold storage of feldspar antecrysts prior to eruption for a maximum duration of around 5 and 13 thousand years at between 280 degrees C and 500 degrees C. We propose that the solidified carapace of remnant magma after the Youngest Toba Tuff eruption erupted in a subsolidus state, without being thermally remobilized or rejuvenated. Our study indicates that resurgent uplift and volcanism initiated approximately 5 thousand years after the climactic caldera forming supereruption.

Automated summary

Thermochronology analyses coupled with Bayesian statistics suggest heterogeneity in warm magma reservoir at Toba Caldera, Sumatra, after the supereruption 74,000 years ago. The study reveals a lack of understanding of magmatic conditions and processes during the resurgence period post-catastrophic supereruptions.