Under-5 mortality in sub-Saharan Africa: is maternal age at first childbirth below 20 years a risk factor?

Objectives This study aimed at examining the association between young maternal age at first childbirth and under-5 mortality in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Design and setting This cross-sectional study pooled nationally-representative data from the most recent Demographic and Health Surveys conducted in 30 countries in SSA from 2010 to 2019. Participants 116 379 mothers of children under 5. Results The prevalence of adolescent childbirth and death in children under 5 in SSA were 57.36% (95% CI 53.73% to 60.99%) and 4.10% (95% CI 3.65% to 4.54%), respectively. Children born to mothers whose first childbirth occurred at <20 years were 11% more likely to die before the age of 5 compared with those whose mothers' first childbirth occurred at age >= 20 years (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.11; 95% CI 1.05 to 1.18). In terms of the covariates, the likelihood of under-5 mortality was higher among children born to single (aOR 1.54; 95% CI 1.41 to 1.67) and cohabiting mothers (aOR 1.10; 95% CI 1.01 to 1.21) compared with married mothers. Children born to mothers who were obese were more likely to die before the age of 5 compared with those born to mothers with normal body weight (aOR 1.17; 95% CI 1.09 to 1.26). The odds of under-5 mortality were higher among children whose weight at birth was <2500 g compared with those whose weight was >= 2500 g at birth (aOR 1.83; 95% CI 1.64 to 2.03). Conclusions The findings call for the need to enhance policies aimed at reducing under-5 mortality in SSA by reducing adolescent pregnancy and childbirth through family planning, comprehensive sexuality education, and the elimination of child marriage. Again, Since under-5 mortality among adolescent mothers is linked with their poor socio-economic status, there is the need for government and non-governmental organisations in SSA to introduce poverty alleviation programmes and improve access to both formal and informal education as a way of enhancing the socioeconomic status of adolescent mothers. Public health education, through continuous advocacy programmes should be done to encourage adolescent mothers to access antenatal care and health facility deliveries as a way of enhancing the survival status of their children. These interventions should be implemented, taking into consideration other characteristics of mothers such marital status and BMI and child's characteristics such as child's weight, which were found to be associated with high under-5 mortality.

Automated summary

This study in sub-Saharan Africa found that young maternal age at first childbirth is associated with under-5 mortality, with children born to mothers under 20 at higher risk. Other factors linked to higher mortality include being born to single or cohabiting mothers, having an obese mother, and low birth weight. Interventions to reduce under-5 mortality should focus on reducing adolescent pregnancy, improving socio-economic status, and promoting healthcare access for mothers and children.