Synthesis of illudalic acid and analogous phosphatase inhibitors

Developing an efficient, concise synthesis of the fungal natural product illudalic acid has been a long-standing challenge, made more pressing by the recent discovery that illudalic acid and analogs are selective phosphatase inhibitors. Syntheses of illudalic acid have become progressively more efficient over the decades yet remain strategically grounded in a 17-step synthesis reported in 1977. Here we validate a two-step process-convergent [4 + 2] benzannulation and one-pot coordinated functional group manipulations-for preparing the key trifunctional pharmacophore of illudalic acid. The modular building blocks are readily available in 2-3 steps, for a longest linear sequence (LLS) of 5 steps to illudalic acid from 3,3-dimethylcyclopentanone. A small collection of analogous indanes and tetralins featuring the same pharmacophore were prepared by a similar route. These compounds potently and selectively inhibit the human leukocyte common antigen-related (LAR) subfamily of protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). Evidence supporting a postulated covalent ligation mechanism is provided herein.

Automated summary

Starting from a 17-step synthesis reported in the 1970s, researchers have developed a new synthesis method that only requires a longest linear sequence of 5 steps to successfully synthesize the key pharmacophore of the fungal natural product illudalic acid. A series of analogs featuring the same pharmacophore were prepared through a similar route, showing potent and selective inhibition on protein tyrosine phosphatases. Evidence supporting a postulated covalent ligation mechanism is provided.