期刊
ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LETTERS
卷 12, 期 2, 页码 -出版社
IOP Publishing Ltd
DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/aa5556
关键词
food energy water nexus; urban system; trans-boundary infrastructure footprints; coupled water-energy-GHG footprints; supply-chain; risk; ground water vulnerability; sustainability
资金
- National Science Foundation [PIRE-1243525, 1444745]
- Div Of Chem, Bioeng, Env, & Transp Sys
- Directorate For Engineering [1444745] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
This paper develops a generalizable systems framework to analyze the food-energy-water (FEW) nexus from an urban systems perspective, connecting in-and trans-boundary interactions, quantifying multiple environmental impacts of community-wide FEW provisioning to cities, and visualizing FEW supply-chain risks posed to cities by the environment. Delhi's community-wide food demand includes household consumption by socio-economic-strata, visitors-and industrial food-use. This demand depends 90%, 76%, and 86% on trans-boundary supply of FEW, respectively. Supply chain data reveal unique features of trans-boundary FEW production regions (e.g. irrigation-electricity needs and GHG intensities of power-plants), yielding supply chain-informed coupled energy-water-GHG footprints of FEW provisioning to Delhi. Agri-food supply contributes to both GHG (19%) and water-footprints (72%-82%) of Delhi's FEW provisioning, with milk, rice and wheat dominating these footprints. Analysis of FEW interactions within Delhi found > 75% in-boundary water-use for food is for urban agriculture and > 76% in-boundary energy-use for food is from cooking fuels. Food waste-to-energy and energy-intensity of commercial and industrial food preparation are key data gaps. Visualizing supply chains shows > 75% of water embodied in Delhi's FEW supply is extracted from locations over-drafting ground water. These baseline data enable evaluation of future urban FEW scenarios, comparing impacts of demand shifts, production shifts, and emerging technologies and policies, within and outside of cities.
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