Air/water/temperature-stable cathode for all-climate sodium-ion batteries

The development of high-performance cathodes for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) is one key issue required for the success of large-scale energy storage systems. In addition to performance degradation during cycling, electrode materials are usually hampered by instability when stored in various environments severely restricting their practical application. Here, we report a stable cathode material that shows no obvious capacity attenuation in various storage conditions. The cathode is composed of regular and homogeneous Na3V2(PO4)(2)O2F0.99Cl0.01 (NVPFCI) microcubes, with electrochemical properties, including high specific capacity (128.2 mA h g(-1) at 0.1 C), excellent rate capability (79.8 mA h g(-1) at 20 C), long-term cycle life, and all-climate performance. Studies using in/ex situ characterization and electrode kinetics are implemented to reveal the possible reasons for the stability and electrochemical activity of NVPFCI. This work may provide a pathway for the development of all-climate and storage-stable SIB cathode materials.

Automated summary

This study reports a stable cathode material with high specific capacity, excellent rate capability, long-term cycle life, and all-climate performance, which shows no obvious capacity attenuation in various storage conditions. The cathode is composed of Na3V2(PO4)(2)O2F0.99Cl0.01 microcubes, and in/ex situ characterization and electrode kinetics studies are used to reveal the possible reasons for its stability and electrochemical activity. This work may provide a pathway for the development of all-climate and storage-stable SIB cathode materials.