Tracking natural and anthropic risks from historical maps as a tool for cultural heritage assessment: a case study

In this study, historical maps and orthophotos were used as a baseline to establish the vulnerability of cultural heritage (CH) sites to natural and anthropic elements as a tool for cultural heritage management in Valea Oii river basin (north-eastern Romania). Starting from the nineteenth century, a series of natural hazards begun to have a frequent occurrence and with a higher degree of destruction as a consequence of anthropic pressure-village extension, connecting the human settlements by a network of roads, and building ponds to save water resources. The main indicators used were derived from cartographic digitisation: landslides, gullies, villages, roads and ponds. GIS integration and mapping allowed the creation of maps with both natural and anthropic factors. Following the GIS analysis of CH sites located within a 50-m distance from the roads, landslides, and gullies, 5 m for ponds, and inside villages, results that the highest number of CH sites (26) was affected by the development of road networks in 2012, while in 1894 only a number of three sites were affected. The creation of vulnerability maps (divided into three classes: low, moderate and high) was undertaken by overlaying the cultural heritage data with the information collected from the historical maps; these maps will then provide a comprehensive database to help local stakeholders, policy makers and local authorities to adopt proper protection and mitigation measures.