Nanomaterial toxicity for plants

Nanomaterials occur widely in ecosystems as the result of both natural processes and human activities. Reports suggest that altered growth patterns in plants result from interactions of nanomaterials and plants. Plant physiological barriers provide some resistance against nanomaterial toxicity. Plants regulate its cell machinery to overcome nanomaterial-mediated stress. Engineered nanomaterials modify plant properties according to there size and surface properties. This article reviews interactions of plants with engineered nanomaterials, their uptake, translocation, and toxicity. The detoxification mechanisms of nanomaterials are described at physiological, proteomic, transcriptomic, and metabolomics levels.