Re-estimating CO2 emission factors for gasoline passenger cars adding driving behaviour characteristics-A case study of Beijing

The transportation sector is one of the largest sources of energy consumption and CO2 emissions. The most important and difficult step in estimating transportation CO2 emissions is to accurately estimate vehicle CO2 emission factors (EFs). Most of the conventional methods draw less attention to driving behaviours. Based on a questionnaire survey, this study built a three-layer modified progressive regression model which included driving behaviours, and integrated vehicle and traffic characteristics. The results showed that for gasoline passenger cars with 7 seats or fewer in Beijing, EFs were significantly affected by engine displacement (D), vehicle age (G), producing country, the proportion of annual total mileage on national, provincial and municipal roads except freeways (P), waiting mode for a red light when the waiting time is more than 1 min (W), and whether the windows were open while driving faster than 60 km/h (E). The influence order is: D (.908) > W(-.199) > E(.080) > P(.063) > producing country (-.048,.042, <.001 for J, A and C respectively). More than 60 s flame out waiting time and closing windows while velocity more than 60 km/h can reduce 23.38 g CO2/km and 8.93 g CO2/km, respectively. The method to estimate vehicle EFs in this study can be used in other countries, and can provide scientific support for policymakers to implement traffic-control and CO2-reduction measures.