期刊
ENERGY & ENVIRONMENT
卷 33, 期 3, 页码 487-510出版社
SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD
DOI: 10.1177/0958305X211008610
关键词
Ecological footprint; human capital; urbanization; moderating effect
资金
- Humanity and Social Science Youth Foundation of the Ministry of Education [18YJC790013]
- Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province of China [20202BAB201006]
- Social Science Foundation of Shandong Province of China [21CJJJ17]
The increase in human capital can reduce ecological footprint, but its impact is influenced by urbanization level and income level. Urbanization moderates the effect of human capital, with higher urbanization levels helping to improve environmental quality.
The rapid development of the world economy has been accompanied by a significant increase in ecological footprint. Represented by population agglomeration, urbanization has exacerbated environmental pressure, but the improvements in the levels of human capital may offset this negative impact. This research thus uses cross-country data from 110 economies over the period 1990-2016 to explore the correlations among human capital, urbanization, and ecological footprint. The findings show that first, from a global perspective, human capital initially increases and then reduces ecological footprint. The analysis based on sub-samples shows that human capital of the high-income group decreases ecological footprint, whereas human capital of the low-income group and that of countries with large populations raise ecological footprint. Second, urbanization plays a linear moderating role in human capital's impact on the ecological footprint. The higher the level of urbanization is, the higher is the turning point of human capital that is needed to improve environmental quality. Third, when the population size is larger or ecological footprint is greater, the turning point of human capital is higher under the same urbanization level. Therefore, countries should continue to enhance human capital to promote the upgrading of industrial structure, green technology innovation, and changes in energy-saving lifestyle. Moreover, it is beneficial for countries to pay close attention to the negative impact of population size or accelerated urbanization on environmental quality.
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