4.2 Article

Affirming and negotiating gender in family and social spaces: Stigma, mental health and resilience among transmasculine people in India

期刊

CULTURE HEALTH & SEXUALITY
卷 24, 期 7, 页码 951-967

出版社

ROUTLEDGE JOURNALS, TAYLOR & FRANCIS LTD
DOI: 10.1080/13691058.2021.1901991

关键词

Transgender men; gender identity; discrimination; coping; psychological distress

资金

  1. DBT/Wellcome Trust India Alliance Senior Fellowship [IA/CPHS/16/1/502667]
  2. Canadian Institutes of Health Research Fellowship
  3. Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada (MFARR-Asia) [895-2019-1020]

向作者/读者索取更多资源

Research has shown that transmasculine individuals in India face gender role pressures and discrimination in family, education, and workplace settings, negatively impacting their mental health. Participants reported using coping strategies such as self-acceptance, connecting with peers, and strategic disclosure to navigate these challenges.
Research on transmasculine people's health is scant globally, including in India. We explored transmasculine people's experiences in affirming their gender in family and social spaces, and how those experiences impact mental health. In 2019, we conducted four focus groups (n = 17 participants) and 10 in-depth interviews with transmasculine people in Mumbai and Chennai. Data analyses were guided by minority stress theory and the gender affirmation model. Within family, the pressure to conform to assigned gender roles and gender policing usually began in adolescence and increased over time. Some participants left parental homes due to violence. In educational settings, participants described the enforcement of gender-normative dress codes, lack of faculty support, and bullying victimisation, which led some to quit schooling. In the workplace, experiences varied depending on whether participants were visibly trans or had an incongruence between their identity documents and gender identity. Everyday discrimination experiences in diverse settings contributed to psychological distress. Amidst these challenges, participants reported resilience strategies, including self-acceptance, connecting with peers, strategic (non)disclosure, and circumventing gendered restrictions on dress and behaviour. Interventions at social-structural, institutional, family and individual levels are needed to reduce stigma and discrimination faced by transmasculine people in India and to promote their mental health.

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