期刊
EARTH SYSTEM DYNAMICS
卷 13, 期 1, 页码 1-80出版社
COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH
DOI: 10.5194/esd-13-1-2022
关键词
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资金
- European Economic Area (EEA) Financial Mechanism 2014-2021 Baltic Research Programme, project SolidShore [EMP480]
- Estonian Research Council Grant [PRG1129]
- European Union (European Regional Development Fund) under the Interreg Baltic Sea Region Programme 2014-2020 [X005 DAIMON 2]
- Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education programme called International Co-financed Projects in the years 2019-2021 [5051/INTERREG BSRBSR/2019/2]
- Polish National Science Centre [2015/19/B/ST10/02120, 2019/34/E/ST10/00167]
- BONUS INTEGRAL project - BONUS (Art 185) from the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme for Research, Technological Development and Demonstration
- BONUS INTEGRAL project - BONUS (Art 185) Polish National Centre for Research and Development
- Danish ForskEL/EUDP [PSO12521/EUDP 64017-0017]
- European Regional Development Fund programme Mobilitas Plus
- Estonian Research Council Top Researcher Grant MOBTT72 [2014-2020.4.01.16-0024]
- Norway Grants 2014-2021 [2019/34/H/ST10/00645]
- National Science Center [34/E/ST10/00217]
- Swedish Agency for Marine and Water Management
Human activities heavily impact coastal environments like the Baltic Sea region, with various factors both naturally occurring and completely human-induced. Climate change is seen as an overarching factor that influences other aspects, acting as a background effect.这部分内容已经被简化成了英文。
Coastal environments, in particular heavily populated semi-enclosed marginal seas and coasts like the Baltic Sea region, are strongly affected by human activities. A multitude of human impacts, including climate change, affect the different compartments of the environment, and these effects interact with each other. As part of the Baltic Earth Assessment Reports (BEAR), we present an inventory and discussion of different human-induced factors and processes affecting the environment of the Baltic Sea region, and their interrelations. Some are naturally occurring and modified by human activities (i.e. climate change, coastal processes, hypoxia, acidification, submarine groundwater discharges, marine ecosystems, non-indigenous species, land use and land cover), some are completely human-induced (i.e. agriculture, aquaculture, fisheries, river regulations, offshore wind farms, shipping, chemical contamination, dumped warfare agents, marine litter and microplastics, tourism, and coastal management), and they are all interrelated to different degrees. We present a general description and analysis of the state of knowledge on these interrelations. Our main insight is that climate change has an overarching, integrating impact on all of the other factors and can be interpreted as a background effect, which has different implications for the other factors. Impacts on the environment and the human sphere can be roughly allocated to anthropogenic drivers such as food production, energy production, transport, industry and economy. The findings from this inventory of available information and analysis of the different factors and their interactions in the Baltic Sea region can largely be transferred to other comparable marginal and coastal seas in the world.
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