4.8 Review

The changing thermal state of permafrost

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Impacts of permafrost degradation on infrastructure

Jan Hjort et al.

Summary: The warming and thawing of ice-rich permafrost pose a significant threat to polar and high-altitude infrastructure. Observed infrastructure damage is already substantial, and under anthropogenic warming, it is projected to continue and increase. Mitigation techniques exist to alleviate these impacts, but better understanding of high-risk regions is needed.

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Permafrost carbon emissions in a changing Arctic

Kimberley R. Miner et al.

Summary: Arctic permafrost stores a significant amount of carbon, which could be released due to anthropogenic warming, affecting climate. Abrupt thaw and thermokarst could rapidly release a substantial amount of carbon to the atmosphere, and future methane emissions could increase due to expanding anoxic conditions. Wildfires in the Arctic could also lead to unpredictable carbon flux. More detailed monitoring can provide a better understanding of Arctic's future carbon emissions and their impact on the Earth system.

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Article Geography, Physical

Active layer thickening and controls on interannual variability in the Nordic Arctic compared to the circum-Arctic

Sarah M. Strand et al.

Summary: Active layer probing conducted in northern Sweden, northeast Greenland, and central Svalbard has shown thickening of the active layer since the establishment of Circumpolar Active Layer Monitoring (CALM) sites in those regions. The average active layer thickness (ALT) exhibits a reverse latitudinal gradient, with the thickest active layer in Svalbard due to its maritime climate, and the thinnest in northern Sweden confined to superficial peat. The interannual variability of ALT differs across the Nordic Arctic region, but study sites in the same area respond similarly to local meteorology.

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Changes in precipitation and air temperature contribute comparably to permafrost degradation in a warmer climate

Zelalem A. Mekonnen et al.

Summary: The research indicates that increased precipitation in permafrost systems can accelerate the development of the active layer and have an impact on permafrost degradation in the 21st century. ESMs that do not account for precipitation heat transfer may underestimate the rate of change in active layer depth, resulting in biased predictions of ecosystem responses.

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Shallow soils are warmer under trees and tall shrubs across Arctic and Boreal ecosystems

Heather Kropp et al.

Summary: Soils are warming in the Arctic and Boreal region as temperature rises, with tall shrubs and trees expanding in the tundra. Ecosystems with tall-statured shrubs and trees have warmer shallow soils compared to short-statured tundra vegetation, indicating that ground thermal regimes in the cold season are critical for predicting soil warming. The expansion of tall shrubs and trees into tundra regions can amplify shallow soil warming and increase potential for increased seasonal thaw depth, soil carbon cycling rates, carbon dioxide loss, and permafrost thaw.

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R. B. Zweigel et al.

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Active layer thickness as a function of soil water content

Leah K. Clayton et al.

Summary: The influence of soil moisture on the active layer thickness (ALT) in permafrost areas is determined by the competing hypotheses of increased latent heat of fusion and increased soil thermal conductivity. Analysis of the Field Measurements of Soil Moisture and Active Layer Thickness (SMALT) dataset in Alaska and Canada reveals that bulk volumetric water content affects ALT by influencing both latent heat and thermal conductivity, with regional temperature variations playing a role in baseline thaw depth.

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Changes in Ground Temperature and Dynamics in Mountain Permafrost in the Swiss Alps

Anna Haberkorn et al.

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Best Practice for Measuring Permafrost Temperature in Boreholes Based on the Experience in the Swiss Alps

Jeannette Noetzli et al.

Summary: Temperature measurements in boreholes are crucial for observing permafrost evolution, but standardized procedures are needed for accurate and comparable data. Recommendations include careful site selection, strategic sampling planning, and using high-quality instrumentation with regular maintenance and data control procedures. Remote data access and timely replacement of boreholes are also important for avoiding data gaps.

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Rock glaciers throughout the French Alps accelerated and destabilised since 1990 as air temperatures increased

Marco Marcer et al.

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Active layer monitoring in Antarctica: an overview of results from 2006 to 2015

Filip Hrbacek et al.

Summary: Monitoring under the CALM-S program has been conducted at multiple sites across Antarctica to study active layer thawing depth and thickness, revealing spatial and temporal variability in the active layer depth in different regions of Antarctica. The study highlights the need for continued monitoring and expansion to enhance understanding of the thermal properties of Antarctic soil.

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Francisco Jose Cuesta-Valero et al.

Summary: This study provides new global estimates of changes in ground surface temperature, ground surface heat flux, and continental heat storage derived from geothermal data. Results reveal significantly higher changes in ground heat flux and heat storage within the continental subsurface than previously reported, with half of the heat gain by the continental subsurface since 1960 occurring in the last 20 years.

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Long-term ecological consequences of forest fires in the continuous permafrost zone of Siberia

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Antoine Boisson et al.

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Permafrost degradation in the Western Russian Arctic

Alexander A. Vasiliev et al.

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Fast response of cold ice-rich permafrost in northeast Siberia to a warming climate

Jan Nitzbon et al.

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Impact of wildfire on permafrost landscapes: A review of recent advances and future prospects

Jean E. Holloway et al.

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Changing climate and the permafrost environment on the Qinghai-Tibet (Xizang) plateau

Lin Zhao et al.

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B. Etzelmuller et al.

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Increased rainfall stimulates permafrost thaw across a variety of Interior Alaskan boreal ecosystems

Thomas A. Douglas et al.

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H. B. O'Neill et al.

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Line Rouyet et al.

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Elise G. Devoie et al.

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Warming Effects of Spring Rainfall Increase Methane Emissions From Thawing Permafrost

Rebecca B. Neumann et al.

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