β3-Adrenergic receptor downregulation leads to adipocyte catecholamine resistance in obesity

The dysregulation of energy homeostasis in obesity involves multihormone resistance. Although leptin and insulin resistance have been well characterized, catecholamine resistance remains largely unexplored. Murine beta 3-adrenergic receptor expression in adipocytes is orders of magnitude higher compared with that of other isoforms. While resistant to classical desensitization pathways, its mRNA (Adrb3) and protein expression are dramatically downregulated after ligand exposure (homologous desensitization). beta 3-Adrenergic receptor downregulation also occurs after high-fat diet feeding, concurrent with catecholamine resistance and elevated inflammation. This downregulation is recapitulated in vitro by TNF alpha treatment (heterologous desensitization). Both homologous and heterologous desensitization of Adrb3 were triggered by induction of the pseudokinase TRIB1 downstream of the EPAC/RAP2A/PI-PLC pathway. TRIB1 in turn degraded the primary transcriptional activator of Adrb3, CEBP alpha. EPAC/RAP inhibition enhanced catecholamine-stimulated lipolysis and energy expenditure in obese mice. Moreover, adipose tissue expression of genes in this pathway correlated with body weight extremes in a cohort of genetically diverse mice and with BMI in 2 independent cohorts of humans. These data implicate a signaling axis that may explain reduced hormone-stimulated lipolysis in obesity and resistance to therapeutic interventions with beta 3-adrenergic receptor agonists.

Automated summary

This study investigates the resistance of multiple hormones in obesity and reveals that catecholamine resistance and elevated inflammation lead to the downregulation of beta 3-adrenergic receptor expression. The study also demonstrates that the induction of the pseudokinase TRIB1, downstream of the EPAC/RAP2A/PI-PLC pathway, triggers both homologous and heterologous desensitization of the Adrb3 receptor, inhibiting lipolysis and energy expenditure.