Heavy metal uptake of nearshore benthic foraminifera during multi-metal culturing experiments

Heavy metal pollution originating from anthropogenic sources, e.g. mining, industry and extensive land use, is increasing in many parts of the world and influences coastal marine environments even after the source has ceased to pollute. The elevated input of heavy metals into the marine system potentially affects the biota because of their toxicity, persistence and bioaccumulation. An emerging tool for environmental applications is the heavy metal incorporation into foraminiferal calcite tests, which facilitates monitoring of anthropogenic footprints on recent and past environmental systems. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the incorporation of heavy metals into foraminifera is a direct function of their concentration in seawater. Culturing experiments with a mixture of dissolved chromium (Cr), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), silver (Ag), cadmium (Cd), tin (Sn), mercury (Hg) and lead (Pb) in artificial seawater were carried out over a wide concentration range to assess the uptake of heavy metals by the nearshore foraminiferal species Ammonia aomoriensis, Ammonia batava and Elphidium excavatum. Seawater analyses revealed increasing concentrations for most metals between culturing phases and high metal concentrations in the beginning of the culturing phases due to sudden metal addition. Furthermore, a loss of metals during the culturing process was discovered by an offset between the added and the actual concentrations of the metals in seawater. Laser ablation ICPMS (inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry) analysis of the newly formed calcite revealed species-specific differences in the incorporation of heavy metals. The foraminiferal calcite of all three species exhibited Pb and Ag concentrations strongly correlated with concentrations in the seawater culturing medium (partition coefficients and standard deviation for Ag - Ammonia aomoriensis, 0.50 +/- 0.02; Ammonia batava, 0.17 +/- 0.01; Elphidium excavatum, 0.47 +/- 0.04; for Pb - Ammonia aomoriensis, 0.39 +/- 0.01; Ammonia batava, 0.52 +/- 0.01; Elphidium excavatum, 0.91 +/- 0.01). Ammonia aomoriensis further showed a correlation with Mn and Cu, A. batava with Mn and Hg, and E. excavatum with Cr and Ni and partially also with Hg. However, Zn, Sn and Cd showed no clear trend for the species studied, which in the case of Sn was maybe caused by the lack of variation in the seawater Sn concentration. The calibrations and the calculated partition coefficients render A. aomoriensis, A. batava and E. excavatum as natural archives that enable the determination of variations in some heavy metal concentrations in seawater in polluted and pristine environments.

Automated summary

Heavy metal pollution is increasing in many parts of the world, even after the pollution source has ceased. The incorporation of heavy metals into foraminiferal calcite tests shows species-specific differences and can be used as a tool for monitoring anthropogenic impacts on the environment.