Bubble-pen lithography: Fundamentals and applications

Developing on-chip functional devices requires reliable fabrication methods with high resolution for miniaturization, desired components for enhanced performance, and high throughput for fast prototyping and mass production. Recently, laser-based bubble-pen lithography (BPL) has been developed to enable sub-micron linewidths, in situ synthesis of custom materials, and on-demand patterning for various functional components and devices. BPL exploits Marangoni convection induced by a laser-controlled microbubble to attract, accumulate, and immobilize particles, ions, and molecules onto different substrates. Recent years have witnessed tremendous progress in theory, engineering, and application of BPL, which motivated us to write this review. First, an overview of experimental demonstrations and theoretical understandings of BPL is presented. Next, we discuss the advantages of BPL and its diverse applications in quantum dot displays, biological and chemical sensing, clinical diagnosis, nanoalloy synthesis, and microrobotics. We conclude this review with our perspective on the challenges and future directions of BPL.

Automated summary

Laser-based bubble-pen lithography (BPL) is an emerging fabrication method that enables high-resolution miniaturization and on-demand patterning of functional components. It utilizes laser-controlled microbubbles to attract and immobilize particles, ions, and molecules. BPL has experienced tremendous progress in theory, engineering, and application, and has diverse applications in fields such as quantum dot displays, biological and chemical sensing, and clinical diagnosis.