Property-activity relations of multifunctional reactive ensembles in cation-exchanged zeolites: a case study of methane activation on Zn2+-modified zeolite BEA

The reactivity theories and characterization studies for metal-containing zeolites are often focused on probing the metal sites. We present a detailed computational study of the reactivity of Zn-modified BEA zeolite towards C-H bond activation of the methane molecule as a model system that highlights the importance of representing the active site as the whole reactive ensemble integrating the extra-framework Zn-EF(2+) cations, framework oxygens (O-F(2-)), and the confined space of the zeolite pores. We demonstrate that for our model system the relationship between the Lewis acidity, defined by the probe molecule adsorption energy, and the activation energy for methane C-H bond cleavage performs with a determination coefficient R-2 = 0.55. This suggests that the acid properties of the localized extra-framework cations can be used only for a rough assessment of the reactivity of the cations in the metal-containing zeolites. In turn, studying the relationship between the activation energy and pyrrole adsorption energy revealed a correlation, with R-2 = 0.80. This observation was accounted for by the similarity between the local geometries of the pyrrole adsorption complexes and the transition states for methane C-H bond cleavage. The inclusion of a simple descriptor for zeolite local confinement allows transferability of the obtained property-activity relations to other zeolite topologies. Our results demonstrate that the representation of the metal cationic species as a synergistically cooperating active site ensembles allows reliable detection of the relationship between the acid properties and reactivity of the metal cation in zeolite materials.

Automated summary

We conducted a detailed computational study on the reactivity of Zn-modified BEA zeolite towards C-H bond activation of methane. The results highlight the importance of representing the active site as a whole reactive ensemble that includes extra-framework Zn-EF(2+) cations, framework oxygens (O-F(2-)), and zeolite pores. Our findings suggest that the acid properties of the localized extra-framework cations can only provide a rough assessment of the reactivity of cations in metal-containing zeolites. However, there is a correlation between the activation energy and pyrrole adsorption energy.