期刊
SOIL SYSTEMS
卷 6, 期 1, 页码 -出版社
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/soilsystems6010011
关键词
soil properties; forest soil modifications; oxalate; A. triphyllum; earthworm invasions; calcifery
类别
资金
- College of Agriculture and Life Science at the University of Vermont
- Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit of Istanbul University [18262]
The introduction of invasive earthworms alters forest soils and leads to an ecological cascade, including changes in herbaceous plant communities. However, some species, like Arisaema triphyllum, are able to persist in the presence of earthworms, possibly due to their production of insoluble oxalate as a defense mechanism.
The introduction of invasive earthworms initiates physical and chemical alterations in previously earthworm-free forest soils, which triggers an ecological cascade. The most apparent step is the shift in the herbaceous plant community composition. However, some species, such as Arisaema triphyllum (jack-in-the-pulpit), persist where earthworms are present. It has been hypothesized that A. triphyllum produces insoluble oxalate, an herbivory deterrent, in the presence of earthworms. This study aimed to distinguish between the effects of earthworm-induced changes in soils and the physical presence of earthworms on oxalate production. As such, a two-way factorial greenhouse trial was conducted using uninvaded soils to test this hypothesis for two invasive earthworm species (Amynthas agrestis and Lumbricus rubellus). The sequential extraction of oxalates in A. triphyllum corms was performed with absolute ethanol, deionized water, acetic acid and HCl, representing fractions of decreasing solubility. Earthworm presence increased water-soluble (p = 0.002) and total oxalate (p = 0.022) significantly, but only marginally significantly for HCl-soluble oxalate (p = 0.065). The corms of plants grown in soils previously exposed to the two species did not differ in oxalate production when earthworms were not present. However, the data suggest that earthworms affect corm oxalate concentrations and that the sequence of invasion matters for oxalate production by A. triphyllum.
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