The Impact of Hyperopia on Academic Performance Among Children: A Systematic Review

Purpose: To assess the impact of uncorrected hyperopia and hyperopic spectacle correction on children's academic performance. Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis Methods: We searched 9 electronic databases from inception to July 26, 2021, for studies assessing associations between hyperopia and academic performance. There were no restrictions on language, publication date, or geographic location. A quality checklist was applied. Random effects models estimated pooled effect size as a standardized mean difference (SMD) in 4 outcome domains: cognitive skills, educational performance, reading skills, and reading speed. (PROSPERO registration: CRD-42021268972). Results: Twenty-five studies (21 observational and 4 interventional) out of 3415 met the inclusion criteria. No full-scale randomized trials were identified. Meta-analyses of the 5 studies revealed a small but significant adverse effect on educational performance in uncorrected hyperopic compared to emmetropic children [SMD -0.18 [95% confidence interval (CI), -0.27 to -0.09]; P < 0.001, 4 studies) and a moderate negative effect on reading skills in uncorrected hyperopic compared to emmetropic children [SMD -0.46 (95% CI, -0.90 to -0.03); P - 0 .03 6, 3 studies]. Reading skills were significantly worse in hyperopic than myopic children [SMD -0.29 (95% CI, -0.43 to -0.15); P < 0.001, 1 study]. Qualitative analysis on 10 (52.6%) of 19 studies excluded from metaanalysis found a significant (P < 0.05) association between uncorrected hyperopia and impaired academic performance. Two interventional studies found hyperopic spectacle correction significantly improved reading speed (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Evidence indicates that uncorrected hyperopia is associated with poor academic performance. Given the limitations of current methodologies, further research is needed to evaluate the impact on academic performance of providing hyperopic correction.

Automated summary

The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of uncorrected hyperopia and hyperopic spectacle correction on children's academic performance. The study included 25 studies and found that uncorrected hyperopia was associated with poorer academic performance, while hyperopic spectacle correction improved reading speed. Further research is needed to evaluate the impact of hyperopic correction on academic performance.