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Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Peter B. Gilbert et al.
Summary: In the COVE phase 3 clinical trial, neutralizing and binding antibodies were measured in vaccine recipients to determine their correlation with COVID-19 risk and vaccine efficacy. The results showed that these immune markers were inversely associated with COVID-19 risk and directly associated with vaccine efficacy. Postvaccination neutralization titers of 10, 100, and 1000 correlated with estimated vaccine efficacies of 78%, 91%, and 96% respectively.
Article
Immunology
Helen Parry et al.
Summary: Delaying the second dose of the BNT162b2 vaccine can significantly boost antibody response in older people, providing a longer period of protection and delaying the need for booster vaccination. However, in terms of cellular-specific response, the best results were achieved with the standard vaccine interval.
Article
Immunology
Sean Wei Xiang Ong et al.
Summary: The study revealed an association between infection with the B.1.617.2 variant and increased disease severity, higher viral loads, and prolonged duration of viral shedding. Vaccination remained protective against severe outcomes.
CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES
(2022)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Sebastian Havervall et al.
Summary: Emerging data suggests detectable immune responses can last for months after SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination, but the degree and duration of protection against reinfection remains uncertain. A study on healthcare workers and COVID-19 patients found that the majority of individuals tested positive for anti-spike IgG antibodies remained positive for at least 8 months, with a significantly reduced risk of reinfection up to 9 months following asymptomatic to mild COVID-19.
JOURNAL OF INTERNAL MEDICINE
(2022)
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Rebecca P. Payne et al.
Summary: The study demonstrates that the first dose of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine can induce protection against the B.1.1.7 variant within weeks, and extending the interval between doses can result in higher levels of neutralizing antibody response. Prior infection with the virus can accelerate the immune response.
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Merryn Voysey et al.
Summary: The ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine has been shown to have an acceptable safety profile and effectiveness against symptomatic COVID-19, with higher efficacy observed in the group that received a low dose followed by a standard dose.
Letter
Infectious Diseases
Elisa Teyssou et al.
JOURNAL OF INFECTION
(2021)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Sara Y. Tartof et al.
Summary: This study aimed to assess the overall and variant-specific effectiveness of the BNT162b2 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 infections and COVID-19-related hospital admissions among members of a healthcare system in California. The effectiveness of the vaccine remained high against hospital admissions even up to 6 months after full vaccination, despite a decline in effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2 infections over time, which was likely due to waning immunity rather than the delta variant escaping vaccine protection.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Carolina Lucas et al.
Summary: This study found that individuals previously infected with the virus had higher antibody titres post-vaccination compared to those who were uninfected, but both groups reached comparable levels of neutralization responses to the ancestral strain after the second vaccine dose. Comprehensive analysis of 16 locally circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants revealed varying degrees of reduction in neutralization capacity associated with specific mutations in the spike gene, suggesting vaccine boosters as a relevant future strategy to counteract the impact of emerging variants on antibody neutralizing activity.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Alice Cho et al.
Summary: Infection with SARS-CoV-2 leads to evolving B cell responses over at least a year, while vaccination with mRNA vaccines results in high plasma neutralizing activity against various variants. Memory B cells from vaccinated individuals show increased neutralizing activity between prime and boost, but do not exhibit further expansion in potency or breadth.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Shuo Feng et al.
Summary: Defined levels of SARS-CoV-2-specific binding and neutralizing antibodies elicited by the COVID-19 vaccine were identified as correlates of protection against symptomatic infection. Higher levels of immune markers were correlated with a reduced risk of symptomatic infection. The data can be used to extrapolate efficacy estimates to new populations.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Koen B. Pouwels et al.
Summary: A large, community-based study in the United Kingdom indicates that the effectiveness of BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1 vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 infections with symptoms or high viral burden is reduced with the Delta variant compared to the Alpha variant. Although the effectiveness of two doses is at least as great as protection afforded by prior natural infection, there are significant differences in the dynamics of immunity after the second dose between BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1.
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Yair Goldberg et al.
Summary: The immunity against the delta variant of SARS-CoV-2 waned in all age groups in Israel a few months after receiving the second dose of the vaccine, leading to an increase in infection and severe cases.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2021)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Sara M. Mangsbo et al.
Summary: This study evaluated the specificity and sensitivity of a SARS-CoV-2 IFN-gamma Release Assay (IGRA) using commercially available and in-house designed peptide pools, finding that the in-house generated peptide pool had higher specificity. Sensitivity was higher in a cohort of previously hospitalized COVID-19 patients using the commercially available peptide pools.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Zijun Wang et al.
Summary: Volunteers who received the Moderna or Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine showed high levels of antibodies and memory B cell responses against SARS-CoV-2, with activity similar to individuals who had recovered from natural infection. However, their efficacy against specific SARS-CoV-2 variants was reduced, indicating a potential need for periodic updates to mRNA vaccines to maintain clinical efficacy.
Letter
Medicine, General & Internal
Florian Krammer et al.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2021)
Letter
Medicine, General & Internal
Sebastian Havervall et al.
Summary: This study found that COVID-19-related symptoms can persist for 8 months among Swedish health care workers, and these symptoms have effects on their home, work, and social functions.
JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
(2021)
Letter
Medicine, General & Internal
Paul A. Kristiansen et al.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
David S. Khoury et al.
Summary: The level of neutralizing antibodies is closely related to immune protection against COVID-19, playing a crucial role in protecting against detected infection and severe infection. Studies have shown that neutralizing titers will decline over time after vaccination, leading to decreased protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Article
Biochemistry & Molecular Biology
Joseph E. Ebinger et al.
Summary: Virus-specific antibody levels after a single dose of the BNT162b2 vaccine in individuals previously infected with SARS-CoV-2 are similar to levels after two doses of the vaccine in infection-naive individuals. Post-vaccine symptoms were more prominent for those with prior infection after the first dose, but symptomology was similar between groups after the second dose.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Leonidas Stamatatos et al.
Summary: The study found that vaccination of both previously infected individuals and those who were not infected resulted in increased neutralizing antibody titers, with previously infected individuals showing a greater boost in neutralizing titers. Vaccination of naive individuals also elicited cross-neutralizing responses, but at lower titers.
Article
Immunology
Rishi R. Goel et al.
Summary: mRNA vaccines exhibit robust serological and cellular priming, with naïve individuals requiring two doses for optimal antibody responses, especially against the B.1.351 variant. Memory B cells specific for spike protein and RBD were efficiently primed by vaccination, while recovered individuals showed significant boosting after the first dose, correlating with preexisting memory B cell levels. Identifying distinct responses based on prior SARS-CoV-2 exposure suggests that recovered subjects may only need one vaccine dose for peak responses, which can inform vaccine distribution strategies in resource-limited settings.
SCIENCE IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Mark M. Painter et al.
Summary: The study found that after SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination, CD4(+) T cell responses in naïve individuals were fast, while CD8(+) T cell responses developed gradually. Th1 and Tfh cell responses after the first dose were correlated with post-boost CD8(+) T cells and neutralizing antibodies.
Letter
Medicine, General & Internal
Emma C. Wall et al.
Letter
Medicine, General & Internal
Madhumita Shrotri et al.
Letter
Medicine, General & Internal
Aziz Sheikh et al.
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Valerie Oberhardt et al.
Summary: After vaccination, CD8(+) T cells become important effector cells in providing early protection, being effectively mobilized one week after primary vaccination and maintaining stability after booster vaccination. Compared with natural infection, vaccine-induced CD8(+) T cells exhibit similar functional capacities but with a different subset distribution.
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Yinon M. Bar-On et al.
Summary: After receiving a third dose of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine, Israeli residents aged 60 and above who had previously received two doses of the vaccine saw significantly lower rates of confirmed Covid-19 infection and severe illness compared to those who did not receive a booster shot, indicating the effectiveness of the booster dose in reducing infection and severe illness.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2021)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Moriah Bergwerk et al.
Summary: Among fully vaccinated health care workers, breakthrough infections with SARS-CoV-2 were correlated with neutralizing antibody titers during the peri-infection period. Most breakthrough infections were mild or asymptomatic, although persistent symptoms did occur.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2021)
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
S. J. Thomas et al.
Summary: BNT162b2 vaccine remains highly effective and safe over the course of 6 months post-vaccination, with efficacy rates ranging from 86% to 100% across different demographics and risk factors for Covid-19. The vaccine also shows a high efficacy against severe disease, with particularly promising results observed in South Africa against the B.1.351 variant.
NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Kristen A. Earle et al.
Summary: The study found a strong correlation between antibody titers and efficacy when assessing different COVID-19 vaccines, supporting the use of post-immunization antibody titers as the basis for establishing a correlate of protection for COVID-19 vaccines.
Article
Medicine, General & Internal
Sebastian Havervall et al.
Summary: The study compared antibody levels in healthcare workers previously infected with SARS-CoV-2 who received a single dose of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine and SARS-CoV-2 naive participants who received two doses of BNT162b2 vaccine, finding higher immune response in the former.
Article
Medicine, Research & Experimental
Alessio Mazzoni et al.
Summary: The study suggests that COVID-19-recovered individuals may not need a second vaccine dose to further enhance immune response, while naive individuals require a second dose for increased immunity. This indicates that redirecting vaccine doses from COVID-19-recovered individuals to naive individuals could shorten the time to achieve herd immunity.
JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION
(2021)
Article
Immunology
Sophia Hober et al.
Summary: A high-throughput multiplex bead-based serological assay was developed and validated, using three selected antigens with high sensitivity and specificity. The best assay performance was achieved with a combination of two antigens, providing a sensitivity of 99.7% and a specificity of 100%.
CLINICAL & TRANSLATIONAL IMMUNOLOGY
(2021)
Letter
Medicine, General & Internal
Manish M. Patel et al.
JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION
(2020)
Article
Immunology
Renata Varnaite et al.
JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY
(2020)
Article
Multidisciplinary Sciences
Ann-Sofie Rudberg et al.
NATURE COMMUNICATIONS
(2020)
Review
Immunology
Stanley A. Plotkin
CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY
(2010)
Review
Immunology
Federica Sallusto et al.
