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COVID-19 vaccine development: milestones, lessons and prospects

SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION AND TARGETED THERAPY (2022)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccine boosters induce neutralizing immunity against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant

Wilfredo F. Garcia-Beltran et al.

Summary: Recent surveillance has identified the emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant, which carries up to 36 mutations in the spike protein and has the potential to evade vaccine-induced immunity. This study found that individuals vaccinated with mRNA vaccines exhibited strong neutralization of the Omicron variant, while most vaccinees had weak neutralization. The study also revealed that the Omicron variant infects more efficiently than other tested variants.

CELL (2022)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

SARS-CoV-2 Omicron-B.1.1.529 leads to widespread escape from neutralizing antibody responses

Wanwisa Dejnirattisai et al.

Summary: On November 24, 2021, the sequence of a new SARS-CoV-2 variant, Omicron-B.1.1.529, was announced. Compared to previous variants, Omicron has a higher number of mutations in the Spike (S) protein. Serum neutralization of Omicron by individuals vaccinated or previously infected with Alpha, Beta, Gamma, or Delta variants is significantly reduced or ineffective. Third vaccine doses can boost neutralization titers against Omicron, and high titers are observed in both vaccinated individuals and those infected with the Delta variant. Most potent monoclonal antibodies and antibodies under development are unable to effectively neutralize Omicron due to mutations in its Spike protein. Omicron has structural changes compared to earlier viruses and utilizes mutations that enhance its binding to ACE2, allowing for immune escape. This results in a large number of mutations in the ACE2 binding site and a rebalancing of receptor affinity similar to earlier pandemic viruses.

CELL (2022)

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Letter Cell Biology

Humoral immunogenicity and reactogenicity of CoronaVac or ZF2001 booster after two doses of inactivated vaccine

Yunlong Cao et al.

CELL RESEARCH (2022)

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Article Immunology

Neutralization of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Omicron Variant by Sera From BNT162b2 or CoronaVac Vaccine Recipients

Lu Lu et al.

Summary: Immune sera from BNT162b2 and Coronavac recipients showed reduced neutralizing antibody titers against the omicron variant. The presence of the spike R346K mutation did not affect the neutralization susceptibility.

CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2022)

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Article Chemistry, Medicinal

The nano delivery systems and applications of mRNA

Mingyuan Li et al.

Summary: The current COVID-19 epidemic has accelerated the application of mRNA technology, highlighting challenges in overcoming mRNA instability in human physiological environments. Research has also shown that mRNA has potential applications beyond COVID-19 vaccines, such as in treating other diseases and genetic disorders.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY (2022)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Considerable escape of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron to antibody neutralization

Delphine Planas et al.

Summary: The Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2, identified in November 2021, has spread rapidly worldwide and shows resistance to most therapeutic monoclonal antibodies and vaccine-elicited antibodies. However, it can be neutralized by antibodies generated by a booster vaccine dose.

NATURE (2022)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Broadly neutralizing antibodies overcome SARS-CoV-2 Omicron antigenic shift

Elisabetta Cameroni et al.

Summary: The Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 has raised concerns due to its 37 amino acid substitutions in the spike protein, particularly in the receptor-binding domain (RBD), leading to increased binding affinity with human ACE2. Neutralizing activity against Omicron was greatly reduced in convalescent and vaccinated individuals compared to the ancestral virus, but this decrease was less significant after a third vaccine dose. Broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies recognizing conserved RBD epitopes may be crucial in combating the Omicron variant and future zoonotic transmissions.

NATURE (2022)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Omicron escapes the majority of existing SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies

Yunlong Cao et al.

Summary: The Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 contains 15 mutations in the receptor-binding domain, leading to evasion of over 85% of tested neutralizing antibodies. Different epitope groups of neutralizing antibodies are affected to varying degrees by single mutations of Omicron. Antibodies targeting the conserved region of sarbecovirus remain most effective against Omicron.

NATURE (2022)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Pre-existing polymerase-specific T cells expand in abortive seronegative SARS-CoV-2

Leo Swadling et al.

Summary: Research suggests that some individuals can clear potential SARS-CoV-2 infection after exposure, with T cells playing a role in the process. Studying healthcare workers who tested negative for antibodies revealed that they had stronger and more diverse memory T cells, with a focus on RTC.

NATURE (2022)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Striking antibody evasion manifested by the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2

Lihong Liu et al.

Summary: The B.1.1.529/Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2, initially detected in southern Africa, has rapidly spread globally and is expected to become dominant due to its enhanced transmissibility in the coming weeks. This variant poses a threat to the efficacy of current COVID-19 vaccines and antibody therapies due to its significant antibody resistance. Even individuals who have received vaccines and booster doses may have reduced neutralizing activity against B.1.1.529.

NATURE (2022)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

mRNA booster immunization elicits potent neutralizing serum activity against the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant

Henning Gruell et al.

Summary: This study demonstrates that neutralization of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant is greatly reduced in individuals who received two doses of the COVID-19 vaccine or have recovered from the disease, but is significantly increased after a booster vaccine dose.

NATURE MEDICINE (2022)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Neutralizing antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant BA.1 following homologous and heterologous CoronaVac or BNT162b2 vaccination

Samuel M. S. Cheng et al.

Summary: Specific antibody levels against the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant decrease significantly after two doses of BNT162b2 or CoronaVac vaccines, but can be markedly increased with a booster dose of BNT162b2. Individuals who previously received two doses of BNT162b2 or CoronaVac showed reduced serum antibody titers against Omicron, while a BNT162b2 booster dose increased the antibody levels in the majority of individuals. This suggests mRNA vaccine boosters may be necessary in countries primarily using CoronaVac vaccines to combat the spread of Omicron.

NATURE MEDICINE (2022)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Heterologous AD5-nCOV plus CoronaVac versus homologous CoronaVac vaccination: a randomized phase 4 trial

Jingxin Li et al.

Summary: The study suggests that additional COVID-19 vaccine doses may be needed for individuals who initially received CoronaVac. Heterologous boosting with Convidecia, a recombinant adenovirus type 5 (AD5)-vectored vaccine, was found to be safe and more immunogenic than homologous boosting with CoronaVac in adults previously vaccinated with CoronaVac.

NATURE MEDICINE (2022)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Neutralizing antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 Delta and Omicron variants following heterologous CoronaVac plus BNT162b2 booster vaccination

Eddy Perez-Then et al.

Summary: The study found that a BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine booster can enhance neutralizing antibodies against the Omicron variant in individuals who received two doses of the CoronaVac vaccine, but antibody titers remain lower compared to the ancestral virus and the Delta variant.

NATURE MEDICINE (2022)

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Letter Medicine, General & Internal

Third BNT162b2 Vaccination Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Infection

Ital Nemet et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2022)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Final Analysis of Efficacy and Safety of Single-Dose Ad26.COV2.S

J. Sadoff et al.

Summary: The Ad26.COV2.S vaccine was found to be 52.9% effective against moderate to severe-critical Covid-19 after a single dose, with protection lasting for at least 6 months. Efficacy varied depending on the Covid-19 variant, but higher protection was observed against severe cases, medical intervention, and death compared to other outcomes.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2022)

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Letter Medicine, General & Internal

SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant Neutralization after mRNA-1273 Booster Vaccination

Rolando Pajon et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2022)

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Article Environmental Sciences

Classical and Next-Generation Vaccine Platforms to SARS-CoV-2: Biotechnological Strategies and Genomic Variants

Rachel Siqueira de Queiroz Simoes et al.

Summary: Several coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, have been identified as human pathogens. The spike genomic variants of SARS-CoV-2 have adapted to bind to the ACE2 receptor in humans and animals, suggesting adaptive genomic changes. New genomic variants with amino acid insertions, replacements, or deletions in the spike protein have been associated with the emergence of new strains adapted to different hosts. Epidemiological and molecular tools are being used to track the evolution of the pathogen and its variants.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH (2022)

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Article Immunology

Omicron variant showed lower neutralizing sensitivity than other SARS-CoV-2 variants to immune sera elicited by vaccines after boost

Jingwen Ai et al.

Summary: This study explored the immunogenicity of different vaccination strategies against the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2. The results showed that the Omicron variant has a high immune escape ability compared to other variants, but heterologous protein subunit vaccines and homologous inactivated vaccine boosters can improve neutralization against Omicron.

EMERGING MICROBES & INFECTIONS (2022)

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Article Microbiology

Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection and severe outcomes with variants of concern in Ontario

Sharifa Nasreen et al.

Summary: The study conducted in Ontario, Canada, analyzed the effectiveness of BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech Comirnaty), mRNA-1273 (Moderna Spikevax), and ChAdOx1 (AstraZeneca Vaxzevria) vaccines against different variants of SARS-CoV-2. The findings suggest that two doses of the vaccines provide higher protection, and the effectiveness against hospitalization or death is similar to or higher than against symptomatic infection.

NATURE MICROBIOLOGY (2022)

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Editorial Material Infectious Diseases

The emergence of powerful oral anti-COVID-19 drugs in the post-vaccine era

Huahao Fan et al.

LANCET MICROBE (2022)

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Article Immunology

Poor Antibody Response After Two Doses of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Vaccine in Transplant Recipients

Alessandra Mazzola et al.

Summary: The study found a low anti-spike antibody response to the BNT162b2 vaccine among solid organ transplant recipients, suggesting a need to change the vaccine strategy. Severe COVID-19 cases were reported in some recipients, but no serious adverse events were recorded.

CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2022)

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Article Virology

Neutralization of alpha, gamma, and D614G SARS-CoV-2 variants by CoronaVac vaccine-induced antibodies

Jorge Fernandez et al.

Summary: After receiving two doses of CoronaVac vaccine, individuals showed lower neutralization potency against alpha and gamma variants compared to the D614G variant. Some plasma samples did not demonstrate efficient neutralization against alpha and gamma variants, suggesting these variants might evade neutralization by antibodies elicited from vaccination. Robust genomic and biological surveillance of viral variants is crucial for developing effective strategies to control SARS-CoV-2.

JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY (2022)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Bell's palsy following vaccination with mRNA (BNT162b2) and inactivated (CoronaVac) SARS-CoV-2 vaccines: a case series and nested case-control study

Eric Yuk Fai Wan et al.

Summary: The study evaluated the risk of Bell's palsy after vaccination with BNT162b2 and CoronaVac, finding an increased risk of Bell's palsy following CoronaVac vaccination. However, the overall benefits and protective effects of the inactivated COVID-19 vaccine far outweigh the risk of this generally self-limiting adverse event.

LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2022)

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Article Virology

Culture and identification of a Deltamicron SARS-CoV-2 in a three cases cluster in southern France

Philippe Colson et al.

Summary: Multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants have been spreading worldwide since the summer of 2020. In this study, three infections in southern France with a Delta-Omicron recombinant were reported. The hybrid genome contains signature mutations of two lineages and shows high nucleotide diversity. The recombinant virus was successfully cultured and observed using scanning electron microscopy. A specific duplex qPCR was designed for routine diagnosis of this recombinant virus, which is misidentified by current variant screening methods. Structural analysis suggests that the hybrid content of the recombinant spike protein could enhance viral binding to host cells. Further studies are needed to investigate the virological, epidemiological, and clinical features of this recombinant virus.

JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY (2022)

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Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

Reduced pathogenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 omicron variant in hamsters

Katherine McMahan et al.

Summary: The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant is less pathogenic in Syrian golden hamsters compared to previous SARS-CoV-2 variants.

MED (2022)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Advances in COVID-19 mRNA vaccine development

Enyue Fang et al.

Summary: This review summarizes the current knowledge on COVID-19 mRNA vaccines, including their structural characteristics, antigen design strategies, delivery systems, industrialization potential, quality control, latest clinical trials, real-world data, and the future directions in the development of preventive mRNA vaccines for major infectious diseases.

SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION AND TARGETED THERAPY (2022)

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Letter Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Nasal delivery of thermostable and broadly neutralizing antibodies protects mice against SARS-CoV-2 infection

Wenhui Fan et al.

SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION AND TARGETED THERAPY (2022)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Safety and immunogenicity of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, BBIBP-CorV: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1/2 trial

Shengli Xia et al.

Summary: The inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, BBIBP-CorV, demonstrated safety and immunogenicity in two age groups. Humoral responses against SARS-CoV-2 were induced in all vaccine recipients by day 42. A two-dose immunisation with 4 mu g vaccine on days 0 and 21 or days 0 and 28 achieved higher neutralising antibody titres compared to other dosing schedules.

LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Spike mutation D614G alters SARS-CoV-2 fitness

Jessica A. Plante et al.

Summary: The D614G substitution in the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein enhances viral replication and infectivity in human lung epithelial cells, primary airway tissues, and hamsters. This variant may increase transmission in the upper respiratory tract and doesn't seem to significantly reduce vaccine efficacy. Further research on therapeutic antibodies targeting the circulating G614 virus is recommended.

NATURE (2021)

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Review Microbiology

Learning from the past: development of safe and effective COVID-19 vaccines

Shan Su et al.

Summary: In the development of a COVID-19 vaccine, it is crucial to prioritize safety and efficacy evaluations, drawing lessons from past vaccine development efforts. Su, Du, and Jiang summarize the lessons from previous vaccine development for other viruses, highlighting how mechanisms of vaccine-associated disease enhancement can inform the development of a safe and effective COVID-19 vaccine.

NATURE REVIEWS MICROBIOLOGY (2021)

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Review Microbiology

Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19

Ben Hu et al.

Summary: This review summarizes the research progress on SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19, including virology characteristics, pathogenesis, and recent advances in treatment methods. Furthermore, it discusses in detail the potential wildlife hosts and zoonotic origin of this emerging virus.

NATURE REVIEWS MICROBIOLOGY (2021)

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Article Immunology

A longitudinal study of SARS-CoV-2-infected patients reveals a high correlation between neutralizing antibodies and COVID-19 severity

Vincent Legros et al.

Summary: The study investigated the neutralizing antibody response in serum samples from 140 confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections, finding that antibody titers correlated with disease severity and anti-spike IgG levels. Post-recovery, patients' nAb activity declined more rapidly compared to individuals infected with other coronaviruses, and previous infection by human coronaviruses did not generate protective nAbs against SARS-CoV-2. Additionally, the D614G mutation in the spike protein did not lead to neutralization escape.

CELLULAR & MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Editorial Material Medicine, General & Internal

Allergic Reactions Including Anaphylaxis After Receipt of the First Dose of Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine

Tom Shimabukuro et al.

JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION (2021)

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Article Dermatology

Macrophage-activating lipopeptide-2 and corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulate the inflammatory signalling in human sebocytes through activation of stearoyl-CoA desaturase and fatty acid desaturase 2

C. C. Zouboulis et al.

Summary: MALP-2 stimulates inflammatory signaling in human sebocytes through SCD and FADS2 activation, while CRH upregulates inflammatory signaling via the SCD/FADS2 pathway. The activities of MALP-2 and CRH on human sebocytes may be mediated through SCD and FADS2.

JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN ACADEMY OF DERMATOLOGY AND VENEREOLOGY (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Correlates of protection against SARS-CoV-2 in rhesus macaques

Katherine McMahan et al.

Summary: Adoptive transfer of purified IgG from convalescent macaques protects naive macaques against SARS-CoV-2 infection, and cellular immune responses contribute to protection against rechallenge with SARS-CoV-2. The findings suggest that relatively low antibody titres are sufficient for protection against SARS-CoV-2 in macaques, while higher antibody titres are required for treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

NATURE (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

T cell and antibody responses induced by a single dose of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) vaccine in a phase 1/2 clinical trial

Katie J. Ewer et al.

Summary: A single dose of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine can induce favorable immune responses that may help control or prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection.

NATURE MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Phase 1/2 trial of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 with a booster dose induces multifunctional antibody responses

Jordan R. Barrett et al.

Summary: The study demonstrates that a booster dose of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 is safer and better tolerated than priming doses. The booster dose significantly enhances anti-spike neutralizing antibody titers and other functional antibody responses. These data support the two-dose vaccine regime currently being evaluated in phase 3 clinical trials.

NATURE MEDICINE (2021)

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Review Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

Eliciting B cell immunity against infectious diseases using nanovaccines

Ankur Singh

Summary: This article discusses the advantages and disadvantages of nanoscale vaccines against infectious diseases, highlighting their impact on immune responses and the challenges in production. Complex nanovaccine technologies are being studied to induce a strong immune response against difficult pathogens.

NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Interim Results of a Phase 1-2a Trial of Ad26.COV2.S Covid-19 Vaccine

J. Sadoff et al.

Summary: The study conducted a multicenter, placebo-controlled, phase 1-2a trial, with participants randomly assigned to receive the Ad26.COV2.S vaccine. The results showed that the safety and immunogenicity profiles of the vaccine support further development.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

A COVID-19 vaccine candidate using SpyCatcher multimerization of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor-binding domain induces potent neutralising antibody responses

Tiong Kit Tan et al.

Summary: This study introduces a potential vaccine candidate against SARS-CoV-2, utilizing a synthetic virus-like particle platform to present the receptor-binding domain of the virus spike protein. The vaccine induces strong neutralizing antibody responses in mice and pigs, demonstrating thermostability and the potential for global distribution.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein vaccine candidate NVX-CoV2373 immunogenicity in baboons and protection in mice

Jing-Hui Tian et al.

Summary: The study reports the development of a SARS-CoV-2 subunit vaccine candidate that contains full-length spike protein stabilized in its prefusion conformation, showing immunogenicity in mice and protection in baboons with Matrix-M adjuvanted vaccine, supporting ongoing phase 1/2 clinical evaluation of NVX-CoV2373 with Matrix-M (NCT04368988).

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

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Article Dermatology

Clinical, Laboratory, and Interferon-Alpha Response Characteristics of Patients With Chilblain-like Lesions During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Thomas Hubiche et al.

Summary: In a series of 40 patients with chilblain-like lesions during the COVID-19 pandemic, none had positive PCR tests, while 30% had positive COVID-19 serologic results. These patients showed type I interferonopathy patterns and histologic features, with significant interferon-alpha responses.

JAMA DERMATOLOGY (2021)

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Article Immunology

Protective efficacy of a SARS-CoV-2 DNA vaccine in wild-type and immunosuppressed Syrian hamsters

Rebecca L. Brocato et al.

Summary: Global efforts to combat the COVID-19 pandemic have led to the development of numerous candidate vaccines in different stages of research and development. A DNA vaccine targeting the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 demonstrated the ability to generate neutralizing antibodies and provide protection in hamster models, showing potential for further preclinical studies.

NPJ VACCINES (2021)

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Recombinant protein vaccines, a proven approach against coronavirus pandemics

Jeroen Pollet et al.

Summary: This article points out that recombinant protein vaccines may become a favorable option in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, despite being overlooked in early development, they may offer an advantage or complement under the current circumstances.

ADVANCED DRUG DELIVERY REVIEWS (2021)

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Editorial Material Hematology

Thrombocytopenia following Pfizer and Moderna SARS-CoV-2 vaccination

Eun-Ju Lee et al.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HEMATOLOGY (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

SARS-CoV-2 501Y.V2 variants lack higher infectivity but do have immune escape

Qianqian Li et al.

Summary: The 501Y.V2 variants of SARS-CoV-2 with multiple mutations are rapidly spreading from South Africa to other countries, showing reduced susceptibility to neutralizing antibodies and potential compromise of monoclonal antibodies and vaccines. Enhanced infectivity in murine ACE2-overexpressing cells suggests the possibility of transmission to mice.

CELL (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Reduced neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 variant by convalescent and vaccine sera

Piyada Supasa et al.

Summary: Research on the UK-dominant variant B.1.1.7 shows that it is harder to neutralize than the parental virus, but widespread escape from antibodies or monoclonal antibodies has not been observed yet.

CELL (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Circulating SARS-CoV-2 spike N439K variants maintain fitness while evading antibody-mediated immunity

Emma C. Thomson et al.

Summary: SARS-CoV-2 virus can mutate and evade immunity, with mutations like N439K conferring resistance against neutralizing monoclonal antibodies and enhancing binding affinity to hACE2 receptor. Despite similar in vitro replication fitness and clinical outcomes compared to wild type, N439K mutation highlights the importance of ongoing molecular surveillance for guiding vaccine and therapeutic development and usage.

CELL (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants escape neutralization by vaccine-induced humoral immunity

Wilfredo F. Garcia-Beltran et al.

Summary: New variants of SARS-CoV-2 show high resistance to vaccine neutralization, with some able to escape vaccine responses with just a few mutations, highlighting the importance of developing broadly protective measures against variants.

CELL (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Evidence of escape of SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.351 from natural and vaccine-induced sera

Daming Zhou et al.

Summary: The race to develop vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 variants, such as B.1.1.7, B.1.351, and P.1, is ongoing as these variants have mutations in the spike protein, potentially leading to immune escape. A structure-function analysis of B.1.351 revealed tighter ACE2 binding and widespread evasion from monoclonal antibody neutralization, particularly driven by the E484K mutation.

CELL (2021)

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Article Microbiology

Potent SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies directed against spike N-terminal domain target a single supersite

Gabriele Cerutti et al.

Summary: Structural analysis revealed that seven potent NTD-directed neutralizing antibodies target a common surface on NTD, forming a single supersite different from the recognition pattern of RBD-directed antibodies.

CELL HOST & MICROBE (2021)

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Editorial Material Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging

Oxford-AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccination induced lymphadenopathy on [18F]Choline PET/CT-not only an FDG finding

Ayah Adel Nawwar et al.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE AND MOLECULAR IMAGING (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Immunogenicity and efficacy of heterologous ChAdOx1-BNT162b2 vaccination

Bruno Pozzetto et al.

Summary: The study found that a heterologous vaccination regimen using ChAdOx1-S-nCoV-19 and BNT162b2 can provide better protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection with stronger neutralizing activity. This approach can activate memory B cells that recognize SARS-CoV-2, making it suitable for immunocompromised individuals.

NATURE (2021)

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News Item Multidisciplinary Sciences

HOW SEVERE ARE OMICRON INFECTIONS?

Heidi Ledford

Summary: As cases of the coronavirus variant continue to spread, researchers are eagerly awaiting crucial data on the severity of the disease to assist countries in planning their response.

NATURE (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Immunogenicity of the Ad26.COV2.S Vaccine for COVID-19

Kathryn E. Stephenson et al.

Summary: The study evaluated the immunogenicity of the Ad26.COV2.S vaccine in human participants, showing rapid induction of spike-specific humoral and cellular immune responses. Various antibody subclasses, Fc receptor binding properties, and antiviral functions were induced, along with CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses.

JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION (2021)

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Editorial Material Medicine, General & Internal

SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines

C. Buddy Creech et al.

JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION (2021)

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Editorial Material Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

'Blue toes' following vaccination with the Pfizer BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine

Benjamin Davido et al.

JOURNAL OF TRAVEL MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Safety and efficacy of an rAd26 and rAd5 vector-based heterologous prime-boost COVID-19 vaccine: an interim analysis of a randomised controlled phase 3 trial in Russia

Denis Y. Logunov et al.

Summary: The Gam-COVID-Vac vaccine showed 91.6% efficacy against COVID-19 in the phase 3 trial, with good safety and tolerability in a large cohort of participants.

LANCET (2021)

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Editorial Material Medicine, General & Internal

Resurgence of COVID-19 in Manaus, Brazil, despite high seroprevalence

Ester C. Sabino et al.

LANCET (2021)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (CoronaVac) in healthy adults aged 60 years and older: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1/2 clinical trial

Zhiwei Wu et al.

Summary: The study showed that CoronaVac vaccine is safe and well tolerated in older adults, and is able to induce neutralizing antibody levels. The highest dose of 3 μg of the vaccine can generate neutralizing antibody levels similar to the 6 μg dose, supporting the use of the 3 μg dose CoronaVac in phase 3 trials.

LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in healthy adults aged 18-59 years: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1/2 clinical trial

Yanjun Zhang et al.

Summary: This study investigated the safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of the COVID-19 vaccine candidate CoronaVac, and found that the 3 μg dose showed higher seroconversion rates in the phase 2 trial.

LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Editorial Material Infectious Diseases

Bell's palsy and SARS-CoV-2 vaccines

Al Ozonoff et al.

LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Editorial Material Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Allergic Reactions and Anaphylaxis to LNP-Based COVID-19 Vaccines

S. Moein Moghimi

MOLECULAR THERAPY (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 to mRNA vaccine-elicited antibodies

Dami A. Collier et al.

Summary: The B.1.1.7 variant of SARS-CoV-2 exhibited reduced neutralization by vaccines and antibodies from recovered COVID-19 patients, with a more substantial loss seen when introducing the E484K mutation. This mutation poses a threat to the efficacy of the BNT162b2 vaccine.

NATURE (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Detection of a SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern in South Africa

Houriiyah Tegally et al.

Summary: The article describes a newly emerged lineage of SARS-CoV-2, 501Y.V2, characterized by eight mutations in the spike protein, which may result in increased transmissibility or immune escape. This lineage originated in South Africa and quickly became dominant in Eastern Cape, Western Cape, and KwaZuluNatal provinces within weeks.

NATURE (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

BNT162b vaccines protect rhesus macaques from SARS-CoV-2

Annette B. Vogel et al.

Summary: The two vaccine candidates, BNT162b1 and BNT162b2, developed contain modified messenger RNA encoding immunogens derived from the spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2. They have shown promising immune responses in mice and rhesus macaques, with ongoing phase I trials in Germany and the USA and a global phase II/III trial for BNT162b2.

NATURE (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Sixteen novel lineages of SARS-CoV-2 in South Africa

Houriiyah Tegally et al.

Summary: The study identified 16 new lineages of SARS-CoV-2 in South Africa between March and August 2020, with unique mutations not found elsewhere. Three lineages (B.1.1.54, B.1.1.56, and C.1) dominated during the country's first wave, accounting for approximately 42% of all infections. The C.1 lineage, with 16 nucleotide mutations including the D614G spike protein change, became the most geographically widespread by August 2020. Genomic surveillance played a crucial role in identifying the 501Y.V2 variant in South Africa in December 2020.

NATURE MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 spike 69/70 deletion, E484K and N501Y variants by BNT162b2 vaccine-elicited sera

Xuping Xie et al.

Summary: The study found that human sera from recipients of the BNT162b2 vaccine can neutralize SARS-CoV-2 viruses containing key spike mutations from the newly emerged UK and SA variants.

NATURE MEDICINE (2021)

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Letter Medicine, General & Internal

Serum Neutralizing Activity Elicited by mRNA-1273 Vaccine

Kai Wu et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

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Editorial Material Radiology, Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging

Imaging of COVID-19 Vaccination at FDG PET/CT

Michal Eifer et al.

RADIOLOGY (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Estimated transmissibility and impact of SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.1.7 in England

Nicholas G. Davies et al.

Summary: A new variant of SARS-CoV-2 has emerged in England, with a higher reproduction number and potential for large resurgences of COVID-19 cases. Without stringent control measures, it is projected that COVID-19 hospitalizations and deaths in England for the first 6 months of 2021 will exceed those in 2020. The variant has spread globally and exhibited similar transmission increases in Denmark, Switzerland, and the United States.

SCIENCE (2021)

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Article Immunology

Antibody response to two doses of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (CoronaVac) in kidney transplant recipients

Rezzan Eren Sadioglu et al.

Summary: This study found that the antibody response to the inactivated vaccine was considerably low (18.8%) in kidney transplant recipients. Increased age and impaired renal function were associated with a worse antibody response. Due to the knowledge that mRNA vaccines yield better humoral responses, this special population might be considered for additional doses of mRNA vaccination.

TRANSPLANT INFECTIOUS DISEASE (2021)

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News Item Medicine, General & Internal

Covid-19: Novavax vaccine efficacy is 86% against UK variant and 60% against South African variant

Elisabeth Mahase

BMJ-BRITISH MEDICAL JOURNAL (2021)

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Article Immunology

Two Different Antibody-Dependent Enhancement (ADE) Risks for SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies

Darrell O. Ricke

Summary: The severity and stages of COVID-19 vary, with different pathological processes such as cytokine storms, ARDS, etc., and the development of related vaccines is hindered by vaccine-induced enhanced disease responses.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

A lymph node-targeted Amphiphile vaccine induces potent cellular and humoral immunity to SARS-CoV-2

Martin P. Steinbuck et al.

Summary: The AMP-CpG adjuvant efficiently delivers CpG to lymph nodes, inducing high levels of antigen-specific T cells and generating diverse T helper 1 (TH1) cytokines. Immunization with AMP-CpG also leads to strong antibodies that neutralize Spike-2-ACE2 receptor binding, with significantly higher titers than natural convalescent patient COVID-19 responses.

SCIENCE ADVANCES (2021)

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Letter Oncology

Weak immunogenicity after a single dose of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine in treated cancer patients

R. Palich et al.

ANNALS OF ONCOLOGY (2021)

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Letter Hematology

Low neutralizing antibody responses against SARS-CoV-2 in older patients with myeloma after the first BNT162b2 vaccine dose

Evangelos Terpos et al.

BLOOD (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Early introductions and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.1.7 in the United States

Tara Alpert et al.

Summary: The study found that the SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 variant primarily spread in the United States through ports of entry in New York, California, and Florida, with multiple independent establishments starting in early December 2020 and interstate spread by the end of the month. It is projected that B.1.1.7 will become the dominant lineage in many states by mid- to late March, highlighting the urgent need to enhance genomic surveillance.

CELL (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Antibody evasion by the P.1 strain of SARS-CoV-2

Wanwisa Dejnirattisai et al.

Summary: Ending the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic requires global vaccination. New virus strains with mutations impact antibody responses, but some variants are less resistant than others. A monoclonal antibody can neutralize different variants and partially restore neutralization potency for other public antibodies.

CELL (2021)

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Article Microbiology

SARS-CoV-2 spike variants exhibit differential infectivity and neutralization resistance to convalescent or post-vaccination sera

Alona Kuzmina et al.

Summary: Vaccines that induce high levels of neutralizing antibodies are crucial in combating COVID-19, but some variants of SARS-CoV-2 show resistance to neutralization, raising concerns about vaccine efficacy.

CELL HOST & MICROBE (2021)

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Review Immunology

Understanding the Secret of SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern/Interest and Immune Escape

Fuxing Lou et al.

Summary: This review provides the latest research progress on SARS-CoV-2 variants of interest and concern, discussing key mutation sites and their impact on virus infectivity, mortality, and immune escape. The effects of various clinical SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and convalescent sera on epidemic variants, as well as the neutralizing capability of several antibodies on these variants, are also compared and evaluated in this review.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Infliximab is associated with attenuated immunogenicity to BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in patients with IBD

Nicholas A. Kennedy et al.

Summary: Infliximab treatment in patients with inflammatory bowel disease results in attenuated serological responses to a single dose of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Delayed second dosing should be avoided in these patients, as vaccination after SARS-CoV-2 infection or a second dose leads to seroconversion in most individuals.

GUT (2021)

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Letter Medicine, General & Internal

Immunogenicity of a Single Dose of SARS-CoV-2 Messenger RNA Vaccine in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients

Brian J. Boyarsky et al.

JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION (2021)

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Letter Medicine, General & Internal

Antibody Response to 2-Dose SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccine Series in Solid Organ Transplant Recipients

Brian J. Boyarsky et al.

JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Immunogenicity of COVID-19 mRNA Vaccines in Pregnant and Lactating Women

Ai-ris Y. Collier et al.

Summary: This study assessed the immunogenicity of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines in pregnant and lactating women, as well as the responses against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants. The results showed that pregnant, lactating, and nonpregnant women developed antibody and T-cell responses following vaccination, with antibodies transferred to infant cord blood and breast milk. While antibody titers against the B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 variants were reduced, T-cell responses remained against the viral variants.

JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION (2021)

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Article Allergy

Potential mechanisms of anaphylaxis to COVID-19 mRNA vaccines

Kimberly A. Risma et al.

Summary: The COVID-19 pandemic has led to the rapid production of messenger RNA vaccines packaged in lipid nanoparticles, resulting in unexpectedly severe allergic reactions. Various factors have been considered as possible contributors to these reactions, including nucleic acid activation of the contact system and preexisting antibody recognition of polyethylene glycol on the nanoparticle surface. Further research and clinical trials are needed to address concerns and determine the applicability of testing methods in predicting and understanding vaccine-related allergic reactions.

JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Article Allergy

Basophil reactivity to BNT162b2 is mediated by PEGylated lipid nanoparticles in patients with PEG allergy

Alexander Troelnikov et al.

Summary: Patients with a history of PEG allergy showed positive skin test results after receiving the BNT162b2 vaccine, while traditional PEG skin testing yielded negative results for 2 out of 3 patients. One patient exhibited cross-reactivity to PEG and polysorbate, leading to co-sensitization to both the BNT162b2 and AZD1222 vaccines.

JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Letter Dermatology

Persistent maculopapular rash after the first dose of Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine

M. Ackerman et al.

JOURNAL OF THE EUROPEAN ACADEMY OF DERMATOLOGY AND VENEREOLOGY (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Interim findings from first-dose mass COVID-19 vaccination roll-out and COVID-19 hospital admissions in Scotland: a national prospective cohort study

Eleftheria Vasileiou et al.

Summary: The study in Scotland found that the first doses of the BNT162b2 mRNA and ChAdOx1 vaccines were associated with substantial reductions in the risk of COVID-19 hospital admission, with vaccine effectiveness ranging from 88% to 91% at 28-34 days post-vaccination.

LANCET (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Efficacy of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern 202012/01 (B.1.1.7): an exploratory analysis of a randomised controlled trial

Katherine R. W. Emary et al.

Summary: A post-hoc analysis was conducted on the efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine against the B.1.1.7 variant of SARS-CoV-2 in the UK. The vaccine showed reduced neutralisation activity against the B.1.1.7 variant in vitro, but still demonstrated efficacy against the B.1.1.7 variant of the virus.

LANCET (2021)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Safety and immunogenicity of a recombinant tandem-repeat dimeric RBD-based protein subunit vaccine (ZF2001) against COVID-19 in adults: two randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1 and 2 trials

Shilong Yang et al.

Summary: The results from Phase 1 and Phase 2 trials of the COVID-19 vaccine ZF2001 show that the vaccine is well tolerated and immunogenic, supporting the use of a 25 microgram dose in a three-dose schedule for large-scale evaluation in a Phase 3 trial.

LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Safety and immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 recombinant protein vaccine formulations in healthy adults: interim results of a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 1-2 dose-ranging study ,

Paul A. Goepfert et al.

Summary: The CoV2 preS dTM vaccine is being developed against SARS-CoV-2 and the interim results of the first-in-human study show lower than expected immune responses, especially in older age groups, and high reactogenicity after the second dose. Further development of the AS03-adjuvanted candidate vaccine will focus on identifying the optimal antigen formulation and dose.

LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Editorial Material Oncology

Cancer and COVID-19 vaccines: a complex global picture Comment

Aasim Yusuf et al.

LANCET ONCOLOGY (2021)

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Article Oncology

Safety and immunogenicity of one versus two doses of the COVID-19 vaccine BNT162b2 for patients with cancer: interim analysis of a prospective observational study

Leticia Monin et al.

Summary: The study aimed to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of the BNT162b2 vaccine in cancer patients. The results showed poor efficacy of a single vaccine dose in cancer patients, with significantly increased immunogenicity in solid cancer patients after a vaccine boost at day 21. Therefore, it is recommended to prioritize cancer patients for an early second dose on day 21.

LANCET ONCOLOGY (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Neutralizing antibody vaccine for pandemic and pre-emergent coronaviruses

Kevin O. Saunders et al.

Summary: This study demonstrates that immunizing macaques with nanoparticles conjugated with the receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV-2, adjuvanted with 3M-052 and alum, can elicit cross-neutralizing antibody responses against various coronaviruses and provide protection against SARS-CoV-2. Nucleoside-modified mRNAs encoding stabilized spike proteins also induce antibody responses against different coronaviruses, suggesting potential for developing vaccines against multiple betacoronaviruses in the future.

NATURE (2021)

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News Item Multidisciplinary Sciences

MIXING COVID VACCINES TRIGGERS POTENT IMMUNE RESPONSE

Ewen Callaway

NATURE (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Adjuvanting a subunit COVID-19 vaccine to induce protective immunity

Prabhu S. Arunachalam et al.

Summary: This study demonstrated the effectiveness of an adjuvanted RBD-NP vaccine in inducing robust and durable neutralizing antibody responses, providing protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection, and cross-neutralizing various variants. Adjuvants such as AS03 and AS37 significantly enhanced the immunogenicity of the vaccine and have the potential to be candidates for COVID-19 vaccines.

NATURE (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Phase 1 randomized trial of a plant-derived virus-like particle vaccine for COVID-19

Brian J. Ward et al.

Summary: This study reported the interim safety and immunogenicity data of a plant-produced COVID-19 vaccine candidate at Day 42. The results showed good tolerability of all formulations and induction of immune responses, supporting further evaluation of the vaccine candidate.

NATURE MEDICINE (2021)

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Review Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Emerging concepts in the science of vaccine adjuvants

Bali Pulendran et al.

Summary: Adjuvants are vaccine components that enhance the immune response. Recent advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms and systems vaccinology have revitalized the science and development of novel adjuvants for use in vaccines against COVID-19 and future pandemics.

NATURE REVIEWS DRUG DISCOVERY (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Preliminary Findings of mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine Safety in Pregnant Persons

Tom T. Shimabukuro et al.

Summary: Preliminary data indicates that there are no obvious safety signals among pregnant women who received mRNA Covid-19 vaccines, but more data is needed for further confirmation. Adverse reactions such as injection-site pain were reported more frequently in pregnant women, but most pregnancies resulted in live births with some cases of preterm birth and small size for gestational age.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

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Letter Medicine, General & Internal

Effectiveness of the BNT162b2 Covid-19 Vaccine against the B.1.1.7 and B.1.351 Variants

Laith J. Abu-Raddad et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

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Letter Medicine, General & Internal

Susceptibility of Circulating SARS-CoV-2 Variants to Neutralization

Guo-Lin Wang et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

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Editorial Material Medicine, General & Internal

SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine-Induced Immune Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia

Douglas B. Cines et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia after ChAdOx1 nCov-19 Vaccination

Andreas Greinacher et al.

Summary: After vaccination with ChAdOx1 nCov-19, rare immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia can occur due to platelet-activating antibodies against PF4, resulting in various thrombotic events. Most patients in this case series were women, with fatal outcomes such as cerebral venous thrombosis and intracranial hemorrhage. Additional studies are needed to further investigate and understand this phenomenon.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Efficacy of NVX-CoV2373 Covid-19 Vaccine against the B.1.351 Variant

V. Shinde et al.

Summary: The NVX-CoV2373 vaccine showed efficacy in preventing Covid-19, with higher vaccine efficacy observed among HIV-negative participants. Most infections were caused by the B.1.351 variant.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Two Cases of Graves' Disease Following SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination: An Autoimmune/Inflammatory Syndrome Induced by Adjuvants

Olga Vera-Lastra et al.

Summary: Two female health care workers developed clinical manifestations of thyroid hyperactivity, increased thyroid hormone levels, suppressed thyroid-stimulating hormone, and elevated antithyroid antibodies three days after receiving a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. This indicates a potential link between SARS-CoV-2 vaccination and the onset of autoimmune thyroid diseases like Graves' disease.

THYROID (2021)

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Article Immunology

No Evidence for Human Monocyte-Derived Macrophage Infection and Antibody-Mediated Enhancement of SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Obdulio Garcia-Nicolas et al.

Summary: The study demonstrates that SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV do not infect human monocyte-derived macrophages or induce inflammatory responses in these cells. Serum from convalescent COVID-19 patients also does not enhance SARS-CoV-2 infection. Further research is needed to understand the potential contribution of antibodies-virus complexes with other cells expressing FcR receptors.

FRONTIERS IN CELLULAR AND INFECTION MICROBIOLOGY (2021)

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Letter Medicine, General & Internal

Association of Facial Paralysis With mRNA COVID-19 Vaccines A Disproportionality Analysis Using the World Health Organization Pharmacovigilance Database

Lucie Renoud et al.

Summary: This analysis uses the WHO pharmacovigilance database to investigate the potential safety signal of facial paralysis following COVID-19 vaccination.

JAMA INTERNAL MEDICINE (2021)

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Editorial Material Clinical Neurology

Helping the Public Understand Adverse Events Associated With COVID-19 Vaccinations Lessons Learned From Functional Neurological Disorder

David Dongkyung Kim et al.

JAMA NEUROLOGY (2021)

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Article Immunology

CD4+ T Cells of Prostate Cancer Patients Have Decreased Immune Responses to Antigens Derived From SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein

Pavla Taborska et al.

Summary: Patients with prostate cancer may have decreased immune responses to SARS-CoV-2, increasing susceptibility to COVID-19.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Review Immunology

Infection and Immune Memory: Variables in Robust Protection by Vaccines Against SARS-CoV-2

Pankaj Ahluwalia et al.

Summary: This article discusses recent findings regarding the immune response against natural infection to SARS-CoV-2 and the nature of immunogenic memory. It highlights how dysregulated effector immune cells can influence the severity of the disease in infected patients, as well as the importance of the immune response in protecting the body from reinfection.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Article Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Interim Estimates of Vaccine Effectiveness of BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 COVID-19 Vaccines in Preventing SARS-CoV-2 Infection Among Health Care Personnel, First Responders, and Other Essential and Frontline Workers - Eight US Locations, December 2020-March 2021

Mark G. Thompson et al.

MMWR-MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WEEKLY REPORT (2021)

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Article Immunology

Distinct antibody and memory B cell responses in SARS-CoV-2 naive and recovered individuals after mRNA vaccination

Rishi R. Goel et al.

Summary: mRNA vaccines exhibit robust serological and cellular priming, with naïve individuals requiring two doses for optimal antibody responses, especially against the B.1.351 variant. Memory B cells specific for spike protein and RBD were efficiently primed by vaccination, while recovered individuals showed significant boosting after the first dose, correlating with preexisting memory B cell levels. Identifying distinct responses based on prior SARS-CoV-2 exposure suggests that recovered subjects may only need one vaccine dose for peak responses, which can inform vaccine distribution strategies in resource-limited settings.

SCIENCE IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Prophylactic vaccine delivery systems against epidemic infectious diseases

Chao Pan et al.

Summary: Prophylactic vaccines have evolved from traditional whole-cell vaccines to safer subunit vaccines, but face challenges such as poor immunogenicity. Advanced delivery vectors play a crucial role in overcoming these challenges, offering efficient and safe immune responses. Summarizing and comparing delivery systems for infectious pathogens can provide insights for future vaccine development.

ADVANCED DRUG DELIVERY REVIEWS (2021)

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Article Rheumatology

Immunogenicity and safety of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in adult patients with autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases and in the general population: a multicentre study

Victoria Furer et al.

Summary: Vaccination with mRNA BNT162b2 vaccine showed reduced immunogenicity in patients with AIIRD compared to the general population, with risk factors including older age and treatment with glucocorticoids, rituximab, mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), and abatacept. However, most patients maintained stable disease activity post-vaccination.

ANNALS OF THE RHEUMATIC DISEASES (2021)

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Article Microbiology

SARS-CoV-2 spike L452R variant evades cellular immunity and increases infectivity

Chihiro Motozono et al.

Summary: Research has shown that certain mutations in SARS-CoV-2 variants can escape HLA-restricted cellular immunity, increase affinity for host cells, promote viral replication, and potentially affect the evolution of viral phenotypes.

CELL HOST & MICROBE (2021)

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Letter Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Myocarditis After BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 Vaccination

Kathryn F. Larson et al.

CIRCULATION (2021)

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Letter Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Myocarditis Temporally Associated With COVID-19 Vaccination

Carolyn M. Rosner et al.

CIRCULATION (2021)

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Letter Medicine, General & Internal

Antibody Response After a Third Dose of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine in Kidney Transplant Recipients With Minimal Serologic Response to 2 Doses

Ilies Benotmane et al.

JAMA-JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL ASSOCIATION (2021)

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Letter Gastroenterology & Hepatology

An unusual case of acute cholestatic hepatitis after m-RNABNT162b2 (Comirnaty) SARS-CoV-2 vaccine: Coincidence, autoimmunity or drug- related liver injury

Francesca Lodato et al.

JOURNAL OF HEPATOLOGY (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Immunogenicity and reactogenicity of BNT162b2 booster in ChAdOx1-S-primed participants (CombiVacS): a multicentre, open-label, randomised, controlled, phase 2 trial

Alberto M. Borobia et al.

Summary: To date, there are no immunological data on COVID-19 heterologous vaccination schedules in humans. This study evaluated the immunogenicity and reactogenicity of administering BNT162b2 as a second dose in individuals primed with ChAdOx1-S. The results showed that BNT162b2 induced a robust immune response in individuals prime vaccinated with ChAdOx1-S, with an acceptable and manageable reactogenicity profile.

LANCET (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Efficacy and safety of an inactivated whole-virion SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (CoronaVac): interim results of a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial in Turkey

Mine Durusu Tanriover et al.

Summary: The study presented the interim efficacy and safety results of the CoronaVac vaccine in a phase 3 clinical trial in Turkey, demonstrating high efficacy against PCR-confirmed symptomatic COVID-19 with good safety and tolerability profile. Results showed significant differences in the frequency of any adverse events between the vaccine and placebo groups, indicating excellent protective effects of the vaccine.

LANCET (2021)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of an aerosolised adenovirus type-5 vector-based COVID-19 vaccine (Ad5-nCoV) in adults: preliminary report of an open-label and randomised phase 1 clinical trial

Shipo Wu et al.

Summary: The study evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of an aerosolised adenovirus type-5 vector-based COVID-19 vaccine in adults without COVID-19 from China. It found that the aerosol vaccine was well tolerated, and two doses elicited neutralising antibody responses similar to one dose of intramuscular injection. An aerosolised booster vaccination at 28 days after the first intramuscular injection induced strong IgG and neutralising antibody responses. The efficacy and cost-effectiveness of aerosol vaccination should be evaluated in future studies.

LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Letter Infectious Diseases

Serum neutralising activity against SARS-CoV-2 variants elicited by CoronaVac

Yuxin Chen et al.

LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Effectiveness of BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 COVID-19 vaccination at preventing hospitalisations in people aged at least 80 years: a test-negative, case-control study

Catherine Hyams et al.

Summary: The study found that one dose of either the BNT162b2 or ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccines resulted in substantial risk reductions for COVID-19-related hospitalisations in those aged over 80 years.

LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (CoronaVac) in healthy children and adolescents: a double-blind, randomised, controlled, phase 1/2 clinical trial

Bihua Han et al.

Summary: The study evaluated the safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of the candidate COVID-19 vaccine CoronaVac containing inactivated SARS-CoV-2 in children and adolescents aged 3-17 years. The research findings indicate that the 3.0 μg dose induced higher levels of neutralizing antibodies compared to the 1.5 μg dose, supporting the use of the 3.0 μg dose for further studies in this age group.

LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Vaccine effectiveness of the first dose of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and BNT162b2 against SARS-CoV-2 infection in residents of long-term care facilities in England (VIVALDI): a prospective cohort study

Madhumita Shrotri et al.

Summary: Single-dose vaccination with BNT162b2 and ChAdOx1 vaccines provides substantial protection against infection in older adults from 4-7 weeks after vaccination and might reduce SARS-CoV-2 transmission. However, the risk of infection is not eliminated, highlighting the ongoing need for non-pharmaceutical interventions to prevent transmission in long-term care facilities.

LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Age-related immune response heterogeneity to SARS-CoV-2 vaccine BNT162b2

Dami A. Collier et al.

Summary: Elderly individuals, especially those above eighty, show lower immune responses and neutralization abilities against variants of concern after the first vaccine dose, but this improves after the second dose. They have higher frequencies of spike-specific memory B cells but reduced somatic hypermutation of class-switched cells. Production of interferon-gamma and interleukin-2 by SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific T cells is lower in older participants, predominantly by CD4 T cells.

NATURE (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Reduced sensitivity of SARS-CoV-2 variant Delta to antibody neutralization

Delphine Planas et al.

Summary: The SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617 Delta variant, first identified in India in 2020, has become dominant in some regions and is spreading to many countries. This variant shows resistance to certain monoclonal antibodies and antibodies in convalescent sera, as well as reduced neutralization by some COVID-19 vaccines. Administration of two doses of the vaccine is needed for a neutralizing response against the Delta variant.

NATURE (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Antibody epitopes in vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopaenia

Angela Huynh et al.

Summary: Alanine-scanning mutagenesis is used to identify the PF4 epitope that is recognized by anti-PF4 antibodies in patients with vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopaenia, revealing that the epitope corresponds to the heparin-binding site on PF4. VITT anti-PF4 antibodies show stronger binding response compared to HIT anti-PF4 antibodies, potentially contributing to platelet activation and thrombosis by mimicking the effect of heparin binding on PF4. The findings suggest a potential mechanism for VITT development related to immune complexes formation and platelet activation via Fc gamma receptor IIa.

NATURE (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines induce persistent human germinal centre responses

Jackson S. Turner et al.

Summary: SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines induce a persistent germinal centre B cell response in humans, leading to the generation of robust humoral immunity, especially more significant in individuals previously infected with the virus.

NATURE (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Immunogenicity of Ad26.COV2.S vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 variants in humans

Galit Alter et al.

Summary: The Ad26.COV2.S vaccine has shown clinical efficacy against symptomatic COVID-19, including the B.1.351 variant, but there is uncertainty regarding its immunogenicity against SARS-CoV-2 variants. The study found that neutralizing antibody responses were reduced against the B.1.351 and P.1 variants, while non-neutralizing antibody responses and T cell responses were largely preserved against SARS-CoV-2 variants.

NATURE (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

BNT162b2-elicited neutralization of B.1.617 and other SARS-CoV-2 variants

Jianying Liu et al.

Summary: Serum samples from individuals vaccinated with the BNT162b2 vaccine can neutralize various SARS-CoV-2 variants, indicating mass immunization as a central strategy to end the global COVID-19 pandemic.

NATURE (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

BNT162b2 vaccine induces neutralizing antibodies and poly-specific T cells in humans

Ugur Sahin et al.

Summary: The BNT162b2 vaccine shows 95% efficacy in preventing COVID-19 by boosting neutralizing antibody titres and activating specific T cell responses. The vaccine-induced immune response is broad and stable, lasting for a prolonged period, providing good coverage against various SARS-CoV-2 variants.

NATURE (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Immunogenicity and safety of the CoronaVac inactivated vaccine in patients with autoimmune rheumatic diseases: a phase 4 trial

Ana C. Medeiros-Ribeiro et al.

Summary: In a large prospective phase 4 trial, vaccination with CoronaVac, an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, elicited significantly lower virus-specific IgG antibodies and neutralizing antibodies in patients with autoimmune rheumatic diseases than in age- and sex-matched healthy control trial participants.

NATURE MEDICINE (2021)

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Review Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

mRNA vaccines for infectious diseases: principles, delivery and clinical translation

Namit Chaudhary et al.

Summary: mRNA vaccines have been established as a rapid, effective, and safe approach for protecting individuals from infectious diseases, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic. Further research is needed to optimize mRNA vaccine design, delivery, and applications for a range of infectious diseases.

NATURE REVIEWS DRUG DISCOVERY (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Safety and Efficacy of NVX-CoV2373 Covid-19 Vaccine

Paul T. Heath et al.

Summary: The NVX-CoV2373 vaccine demonstrated an efficacy of 89.7% in a phase 3 trial with over 15,000 participants, with mild and transient reactogenicity. It showed high efficacy against the B.1.1.7 variant and a low incidence of adverse events.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Effectiveness of mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine among US Health Care Personnel

T. Pilishvili et al.

Summary: The BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 vaccines were highly effective in preventing symptomatic Covid-19 in U.S. health care personnel, with vaccine effectiveness of 77.6% to 96.3%. The effectiveness was consistent across different subgroups defined by age, race and ethnic group, underlying conditions, and patient contact levels, indicating the vaccines were effective for preventing Covid-19 in those at risk and in disproportionately affected groups.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

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Editorial Material Medicine, General & Internal

mRNA Covid-19 Vaccines in Pregnant Women

Laura E. Riley

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Scalable live-attenuated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate demonstrates preclinical safety and efficacy

Ying Wang et al.

Summary: COVI-VAC is an attenuated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine currently in development, which was engineered by recoding a segment of the viral spike protein and deleting the furin cleavage site for added safety. Studies have shown that intranasal vaccination with COVI-VAC in Syrian golden hamsters resulted in lower tissue viral loads, milder lung pathology, and reduced weight loss compared to those inoculated with wild-type virus. Additionally, COVI-VAC generated similar levels of spike IgG antibodies and plaque reduction neutralization titers as wild-type virus inoculation, and provided protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection in hamsters.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

SARS-CoV-2 immune evasion by the B.1.427/B.1.429 variant of concern

Matthew McCallum et al.

Summary: The novel CAL.20C (B.1.427/B.1.429) variant carries spike protein mutations, resulting in reduced neutralizing titers in vaccinated individuals and convalescent individuals. The L452R mutation reduces neutralizing activity in RBD-specific monoclonal antibodies, while the S13I and W152C mutations lead to the total loss of neutralization in NTD-specific antibodies due to antigenic supersite remodeling.

SCIENCE (2021)

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Article Cell Biology

Intranasal ChAdOx1 nCoV-19/AZD1222 vaccination reduces viral shedding after SARS-CoV-2 D614G challenge in preclinical models

Neeltje van Doremalen et al.

Summary: Intranasal vaccination with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19/AZD1222 reduced viral loads in nasal swabs in vaccinated macaques and hamsters challenged with SARS-CoV-2, indicating potential for further investigation as a vaccination route for COVID-19 vaccines.

SCIENCE TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Virology

Case Study of Two Post Vaccination SARS-CoV-2 Infections with P1 Variants in CoronaVac Vaccinees in Brazil

Cassia F. Estofolete et al.

Summary: The development of effective vaccines against COVID-19 has helped in reducing the transmission of the virus, but the emergence of variants poses challenges. Breakthrough infections after vaccination highlight the importance of continued vigilance and efforts to prevent and diagnose infections among vaccinated individuals.

VIRUSES-BASEL (2021)

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Article Virology

Antibody-Mediated Neutralization of Authentic SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617 Variants Harboring L452R and T478K/E484Q

Alexander Wilhelm et al.

Summary: The study found that SARS-CoV-2 variants harboring the L452R substitution had reduced susceptibility to convalescent and vaccine-elicited sera and mAbs. Compared to the Epsilon variant, both the Kappa and Delta variants showed a greater reduction in neutralization by convalescent sera. Additionally, the Delta variant was resistant to imdemivab but could potentially be overcome with combination therapy involving casirivimab.

VIRUSES-BASEL (2021)

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Article Cell Biology

Development of safe and highly protective live-attenuated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates by genome recoding

Jakob Trimpert et al.

Summary: This study constructed a series of live attenuated vaccine candidates through large-scale recoding of the SARS-CoV-2 genome, evaluating their safety and efficacy in Syrian hamsters. Two tested viruses were found to be highly immunogenic and induced strong protective immunity without causing clinical symptoms in the animals, showing potential as vaccines to combat the ongoing pandemic.

CELL REPORTS (2021)

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Article Cell Biology

Differential effects of the second SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine dose on T cell immunity in naive and COVID-19 recovered individuals

Daniel Lozano-Ojalvo et al.

Summary: The study found that the second dose of the vaccine increases immunity in naive individuals, while those who previously recovered from COVID-19 reach their peak immunity after the first dose. This suggests that a second dose may not be necessary for individuals who have been infected with SARS-CoV-2 before.

CELL REPORTS (2021)

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Article Critical Care Medicine

Safety, reactogenicity, and immunogenicity of homologous and heterologous prime-boost immunisation with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 and BNT162b2: a prospective cohort study

David Hillus et al.

Summary: This study evaluated the reactogenicity and immunogenicity of homologous and heterologous COVID-19 vaccinations, with results showing that heterologous immunization has good immunogenicity and tolerability.

LANCET RESPIRATORY MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Hematology

Immunogenicity of the BNT162b2 COVID-19 mRNA vaccine and early clinical outcomes in patients with haematological malignancies in Lithuania: a national prospective cohort study

Kazimieras Maneikis et al.

Summary: Patients with haematological malignancies exhibit blunted and heterogeneous antibody responses after receiving the full course of BNT162b2 mRNA vaccination. Those actively treated with BTKIs, ruxolitinib, venetoclax, or anti-CD20 antibody therapies show the poorest responses, while patients who received tyrosine kinase inhibitors or various types of stem-cell transplantation had higher antibody responses. Severe breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infections and deaths in fully vaccinated patients with haematological malignancies highlight the importance of continued adherence to non-pharmacological interventions and household vaccination.

LANCET HAEMATOLOGY (2021)

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Article Immunology

Safety and immunogenicity of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AZD1222) vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 in HIV infection: a single-arm substudy of a phase 2/3 clinical trial

John Frater et al.

Summary: The study demonstrates that the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine is safe and immunogenic in people with HIV, with no serious adverse events reported. Local and systemic reactions were similar to those in HIV-negative participants, and antibody and cellular immune responses in HIV-infected individuals showed similar levels to those in uninfected individuals.

LANCET HIV (2021)

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Article Immunology

Failure to seroconvert after two doses of BNT162b2 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in a patient with uncontrolled HIV

Emma Touizer et al.

Lancet HIV (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Antibody responses after a single dose of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine in healthcare workers previously infected with SARS-CoV-2

Sebastian Havervall et al.

Summary: The study compared antibody levels in healthcare workers previously infected with SARS-CoV-2 who received a single dose of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine and SARS-CoV-2 naive participants who received two doses of BNT162b2 vaccine, finding higher immune response in the former.

EBIOMEDICINE (2021)

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Inhalation Delivery for the Treatment and Prevention of COVID-19 Infection

Basanth Babu Eedara et al.

Summary: COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, has led to a global pandemic with millions affected and deaths worldwide. The virus primarily spreads through respiratory droplets and contact routes, making inhalation delivery a potential treatment route. This review discusses inhalation therapeutics and vaccines for treating and preventing COVID-19.

PHARMACEUTICS (2021)

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Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

Efficient maternal to neonatal transfer of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine

Ofer Beharier et al.

Summary: The study demonstrates that the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine induces a strong maternal IgG response that crosses the placenta barrier to reach fetal titers within 15 days of the first dose. The transfer ratio of anti-COVID-19 antibodies from mother to neonate differs between vaccination and infection groups, with lower IgG transfer ratio for third-trimester compared to second-trimester infection. Additionally, fetal IgM response was only detected in neonates from the infected group.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

SARS-CoV-2-triggered mast cell rapid degranulation induces alveolar epithelial inflammation and lung injury

Meng-Li Wu et al.

Summary: The study revealed that SARS-CoV-2 infection induces mast cell degranulation, leading to lung inflammation and injury. Clinical mast cell stabilizers have been shown to dampen the inflammatory response and prevent lung injury caused by viral infection.

SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION AND TARGETED THERAPY (2021)

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Article Immunology

Age-dependent Immune Response to the Biontech/Pfizer BNT162b2 Coronavirus Disease 2019 Vaccination

Lisa Mueller et al.

Summary: The study compared antibody responses to the BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine in young vaccinees below 60 and elderly vaccinees over 80. The elderly group had lower antibody titers and a lower frequency of neutralizing antibodies post-vaccination, indicating a potential need for closer monitoring or different vaccination strategies for this population.

CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Enhanced protective immunity against SARS-CoV-2 elicited by a VSV vector expressing a chimeric spike protein

Hongyue Li et al.

Summary: The study identified a potential vaccine candidate against COVID-19 by manipulating recombinant viruses of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV, which successfully elicited strong immune responses. A promising antigen design for COVID-19 vaccines was proposed by transplanting the SARS-CoV-2 RBD into the S protein of SARS-CoV.

SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION AND TARGETED THERAPY (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617.2 Delta variant replication and immune evasion

Petra Mlcochova et al.

Summary: The B.1.617.2 (Delta) variant of SARS-CoV-2 has lower sensitivity to antibodies and higher replication efficiency compared to other lineages, which may contribute to its dominance and reduced vaccine effectiveness, highlighting the need for continued infection control measures post-vaccination.

NATURE (2021)

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Letter Medicine, General & Internal

ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 Vaccine Efficacy against the B.1.351 Variant

Frank Struyf et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Immunology

Progress of the COVID-19 vaccine effort: viruses, vaccines and variants versus efficacy, effectiveness and escape

John S. Tregoning et al.

Summary: The development and rollout of vaccines have brought hope for controlling the COVID-19 pandemic, with vaccines proving highly effective in preventing disease. However, challenges remain in ensuring equitable access to vaccines globally, as well as lessons to be learned for controlling pandemics in the future.

NATURE REVIEWS IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

First-dose mRNA vaccination is sufficient to reactivate immunological memory to SARS-CoV-2 in subjects who have recovered from COVID-19

Alessio Mazzoni et al.

Summary: The study suggests that COVID-19-recovered individuals may not need a second vaccine dose to further enhance immune response, while naive individuals require a second dose for increased immunity. This indicates that redirecting vaccine doses from COVID-19-recovered individuals to naive individuals could shorten the time to achieve herd immunity.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION (2021)

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Article Cell Biology

Complete map of SARS-CoV-2 RBD mutations that escape the monoclonal antibody LY-CoV555 and its cocktail with LY-CoV016

Tyler N. Starr et al.

Summary: The study mapped mutations to the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain that escape binding by certain monoclonal antibodies. These mutations are concentrated in specific lineages of SARS-CoV-2. The authors suggest diversifying the epitopes targeted by antibodies and antibody cocktails to make them more resilient to SARS-CoV-2 antigenic evolution.

CELL REPORTS MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Safety and immunogenicity of INO-4800 DNA vaccine against SARS-CoV-2: A preliminary report of an open-label, Phase 1 clinical trial

Pablo Tebas et al.

Summary: The study found that the INO-4800 vaccine performed well in inducing immune responses and had good safety, with no serious adverse events reported. Participants exhibited both cellular and humoral immune responses to the vaccine, indicating its effectiveness in eliciting immunity.

ECLINICALMEDICINE (2021)

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Review Immunology

Viral targets for vaccines against COVID-19

Lianpan Dai et al.

Summary: The urgent need for vaccines to control the COVID-19 pandemic has led to the rapid development of multiple vaccine candidates, with some showing positive results in late-stage clinical trials. This article discusses the viral elements used in these candidates, the reasons why they are good targets for the immune system, and their implications for protective immunity. Dai and Gao highlight the importance of selecting the right viral targets in vaccine development to ensure an effective immune response and the overall safety and efficacy of the vaccine.

NATURE REVIEWS IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Review Hematology

COVID-19-associated coagulopathy and disseminated intravascular coagulation

Hidesaku Asakura et al.

Summary: The pathology of COVID-19 is exacerbated by thrombosis, DIC, and cytokine storms. D-dimer levels are commonly elevated in COVID-19, but relying solely on this marker has limitations. Treatment should be individualized based on disease severity and stage, with potential for combination therapy using heparin and nafamostat in the future. Further research is needed on fibrinolytic therapy and adsorption therapy.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HEMATOLOGY (2021)

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Review Medicine, Research & Experimental

The 2020 race towards SARS-CoV-2 specific vaccines

Tomasz M. Karpinski et al.

Summary: The global outbreak of COVID-19 has emphasized the urgent need for effective vaccines and treatments. Advances in biotechnology and genetic engineering have provided progress in understanding the virus, with the development of vaccines being a key focus. Challenges in vaccine development and distribution, as well as the importance of safety and long-term effectiveness, have also been highlighted.

THERANOSTICS (2021)

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Article Immunology

Mucosal vaccines: Strategies and challenges

Miao Li et al.

IMMUNOLOGY LETTERS (2020)

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Editorial Material Oncology

Cancer patients in SARS-CoV-2 infection: a nationwide analysis in China

Wenhua Liang et al.

LANCET ONCOLOGY (2020)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Engineered immunogen binding to alum adjuvant enhances humoral immunity

Tyson J. Moyer et al.

NATURE MEDICINE (2020)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 in Transgenic Mice Expressing Human Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2

Ren-Di Jiang et al.

CELL (2020)

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Article Microbiology

Infection and Rapid Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in Ferrets

Young-Il Kim et al.

CELL HOST & MICROBE (2020)

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Editorial Material Multidisciplinary Sciences

Rapid COVID-19 vaccine development

Barney S. Graham

SCIENCE (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Development of an inactivated vaccine candidate for SARS-CoV-2

Qiang Gao et al.

SCIENCE (2020)

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Article Virology

Clinical features of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 from a designated hospital in Beijing, China

Lijun Sun et al.

JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Immunogenicity of a DNA vaccine candidate for COVID-19

Trevor R. F. Smith et al.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2020)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of a recombinant adenovirus type-5 vectored COVID-19 vaccine: a dose-escalation, open-label, non-randomised, first-in-human trial

Feng-Cai Zhu et al.

LANCET (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Pathogenesis and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in golden hamsters

Sin Fun Sia et al.

NATURE (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Respiratory disease in rhesus macaques inoculated with SARS-CoV-2

Vincent J. Munster et al.

NATURE (2020)

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

The COVID-19 Vaccine Race: Challenges and Opportunities in Vaccine Formulation

Jieliang Wang et al.

AAPS PHARMSCITECH (2020)

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Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Facial Paralysis Following Influenza Vaccination: A Disproportionality Analysis Using the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System Database

Ashwin Kamath et al.

CLINICAL DRUG INVESTIGATION (2020)

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Letter Immunology

Antibody-dependent enhancement and COVID-19: Moving toward acquittal

Eric J. Yager

CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY (2020)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Deep Mutational Scanning of SARS-CoV-2 Receptor Binding Domain Reveals Constraints on Folding and ACE2 Binding

Tyler N. Starr et al.

CELL (2020)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Development of an Inactivated Vaccine Candidate, BBIBP-CorV, with Potent Protection against SARS-CoV-2

Hui Wang et al.

CELL (2020)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

A SARS-CoV-2 Infection Model in Mice Demonstrates Protection by Neutralizing Antibodies

Ahmed O. Hassan et al.

CELL (2020)

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Letter Cell Biology

A novel receptor-binding domain (RBD)-based mRNA vaccine against SARS-CoV-2

Wanbo Tai et al.

CELL RESEARCH (2020)

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Editorial Material Hematology

Coagulation abnormalities and thrombosis in patients with COVID-19

Marcel Levi et al.

LANCET HAEMATOLOGY (2020)

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Article Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Characteristics of Women of Reproductive Age with Laboratory-Confirmed SARS-CoV-2 Infection by Pregnancy Status - United States, January 22-June 7, 2020

Sascha Ellington et al.

MMWR-MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WEEKLY REPORT (2020)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Immunogenicity and safety of a recombinant adenovirus type-5-vectored COVID-19 vaccine in healthy adults aged 18 years or older: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial

Feng-Cai Zhu et al.

LANCET (2020)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Safety and immunogenicity of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2: a preliminary report of a phase 1/2, single-blind, randomised controlled trial

Pedro M. Folegatti et al.

LANCET (2020)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

A Mouse-Adapted SARS-CoV-2 Induces Acute Lung Injury and Mortality in Standard Laboratory Mice

Sarah R. Leist et al.

CELL (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

A vaccine targeting the RBD of the S protein of SARS-CoV-2 induces protective immunity

Jingyun Yang et al.

NATURE (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Single-shot Ad26 vaccine protects against SARS-CoV-2 in rhesus macaques

Noe B. Mercado et al.

NATURE (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine prevents SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia in rhesus macaques

Neeltje van Doremalen et al.

NATURE (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

A perspective on potential antibody-dependent enhancement of SARS-CoV-2

Ann M. Arvin et al.

NATURE (2020)

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Letter Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Implications of antibody-dependent enhancement of infection for SARS-CoV-2 countermeasures

Nikolai Eroshenko et al.

NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY (2020)

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Review Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

COVID-19 vaccine development and a potential nanomaterial path forward

Matthew D. Shin et al.

NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY (2020)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Evaluation of the mRNA-1273 Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 in Nonhuman Primates

Kizzmekia S. Corbett et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2020)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

An mRNA Vaccine against SARS-CoV-2-Preliminary Report

L. A. Jackson et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Syrian hamsters as a small animal model for SARS-CoV-2 infection and countermeasure development

Masaki Imai et al.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Adaptation of SARS-CoV-2 in BALB/c mice for testing vaccine efficacy

Hongjing Gu et al.

SCIENCE (2020)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Safety and immunogenicity of an rAd26 and rAd5 vector-based heterologous prime-boost COVID-19 vaccine in two formulations: two open, non-randomised phase 1/2 studies from Russia

Denis Y. Logunov et al.

LANCET (2020)

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Review Multidisciplinary Sciences

SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in development

Florian Krammer

NATURE (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

COVID-19 vaccine BNT162b1 elicits human antibody and TH1 T cell responses

Ugur Sahin et al.

NATURE (2020)

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Review Multidisciplinary Sciences

Animal models for COVID-19

Cesar Munoz-Fontela et al.

NATURE (2020)

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Article Immunology

SARS-CoV-2 infection of human ACE2-transgenic mice causes severe lung inflammation and impaired function

Emma S. Winkler et al.

NATURE IMMUNOLOGY (2020)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Safety and Immunogenicity of Two RNA-Based Covid-19 Vaccine Candidates

Edward E. Walsh et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2020)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Safety and Immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA-1273 Vaccine in Older Adults

E. J. Anderson et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2020)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Phase 1-2 Trial of a SARS-CoV-2 Recombinant Spike Protein Nanoparticle Vaccine

Cheryl Keech et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2020)

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Article Immunology

NVX-CoV2373 vaccine protects cynomolgus macaque upper and lower airways against SARS-CoV-2 challenge

Mimi Guebre-Xabier et al.

VACCINE (2020)

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Article Microbiology

S Protein-Reactive IgG and Memory B Cell Production after Human SARS-CoV-2 Infection Includes Broad Reactivity to the S2 Subunit

Phuong Nguyen-Contant et al.

MBIO (2020)

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Review Microbiology

Antibody-dependent enhancement and SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and therapies

Wen Shi Lee et al.

NATURE MICROBIOLOGY (2020)

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Article Immunology

SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccines Foster Potent Antigen-Specific Germinal Center Responses Associated with Neutralizing Antibody Generation

Katlyn Lederer et al.

IMMUNITY (2020)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Safety and immunogenicity of ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine administered in a prime-boost regimen in young and old adults (COV002): a single-blind, randomised, controlled, phase 2/3 trial

Maheshi N. Ramasamy et al.

LANCET (2020)

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Editorial Material Engineering, Biomedical

Development of vaccines and antivirals for combating viral pandemics

Norbert Pardi et al.

NATURE BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING (2020)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Antibody-dependent enhancement of coronavirus

Jieqi Wen et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2020)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Elicitation of Potent Neutralizing Antibody Responses by Designed Protein Nanoparticle Vaccines for SARS-CoV-2

Alexandra C. Walls et al.

CELL (2020)

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Article Immunology

Yeast-expressed SARS-CoV recombinant receptor-binding domain (RBD219-N1) formulated with aluminum hydroxide induces protective immunity and reduces immune enhancement

Wen-Hsiang Chen et al.

VACCINE (2020)

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Article Immunology

CoVaccine HT™ Adjuvant Potentiates Robust Immune Responses to Recombinant SARS-CoV-2 Spike S1 Immunization

Brien K. Haun et al.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2020)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Comparison of nonhuman primates identified the suitable model for COVID-19

Shuaiyao Lu et al.

SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION AND TARGETED THERAPY (2020)

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Review Immunology

The role of IgG Fc receptors in antibody-dependent enhancement

Stylianos Bournazos et al.

NATURE REVIEWS IMMUNOLOGY (2020)

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Review Immunology

Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV): Infection, Immunological Response, and Vaccine Development

Ayman Mubarak et al.

JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY RESEARCH (2019)

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Article Cell Biology

An IgG-induced neutrophil activation pathway contributes to human drug-induced anaphylaxis

Friederike Jonsson et al.

SCIENCE TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE (2019)

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Review Immunology

Vaccine-induced autoimmunity: the role of molecular mimicry and immune crossreaction

Yahel Segal et al.

CELLULAR & MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY (2018)

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Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Immunology and efficacy of MF59-adjuvanted vaccines

Eun-Ju Ko et al.

HUMAN VACCINES & IMMUNOTHERAPEUTICS (2018)

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Review Immunology

Prospects for a MERS-CoV spike vaccine

Yusen Zhou et al.

EXPERT REVIEW OF VACCINES (2018)

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Review Immunology

Nonhuman primate models of human viral infections

Jacob D. Estes et al.

NATURE REVIEWS IMMUNOLOGY (2018)

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Article Immunology

A Temporal Switch in the Germinal Center Determines Differential Output of Memory B and Plasma Cells

Florian J. Weisel et al.

IMMUNITY (2016)

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Letter Allergy

Pre-existing anti-PEG antibodies are associated with severe immediate allergic reactions to pegnivacogin, a PEGylated aptamer

Thomas J. Povsic et al.

JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY (2016)

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Article Allergy

Human IgE-independent systemic anaphylaxis

Fred D. Finkelman et al.

JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY (2016)

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Article Immunology

MERS-CoV vaccine candidates in development: The current landscape

Kayvon Modjarrad

VACCINE (2016)

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Article Immunology

Evaluation of the attenuation, immunogenicity, and efficacy of a live virus vaccine generated by codon-pair bias de-optimization of the 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus, in ferrets

Andrew J. Broadbent et al.

VACCINE (2016)

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Article Cell Biology

A synthetic consensus anti-spike protein DNA vaccine induces protective immunity against Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in nonhuman primates

Karuppiah Muthumani et al.

SCIENCE TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE (2015)

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Review Immunology

mRNA transcript therapy

Drew Weissman

EXPERT REVIEW OF VACCINES (2015)

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Article Hematology

Complex formation with nucleic acids and aptamers alters the antigenic properties of platelet factor 4

Miriam E. Jaax et al.

BLOOD (2013)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Self-assembling influenza nanoparticle vaccines elicit broadly neutralizing H1N1 antibodies

Masaru Kanekiyo et al.

NATURE (2013)

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Article Microbiology

Coronaviruses Lacking Exoribonuclease Activity Are Susceptible to Lethal Mutagenesis: Evidence for Proofreading and Potential Therapeutics

Everett Clinton Smith et al.

PLOS PATHOGENS (2013)

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Article Virology

Seroprevalence of neutralizing antibodies to human adenovirus type 5 in healthy adults in China

Bin Yu et al.

JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY (2012)

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Review Immunology

MF59 adjuvant: the best insurance against influenza strain diversity

Derek T. O'Hagan et al.

EXPERT REVIEW OF VACCINES (2011)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Early treatment with prednisolone or acyclovir in Bell's palsy

Frank M. Sullivan et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2007)

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Article Virology

Adenovirus-platelet interaction in blood causes virus sequestration to the reticuloendothelial system of the liver

Daniel Stone et al.

JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY (2007)

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Article Hematology

Adenovirus-induced thrombocytopenia: the role of von Willebrand factor and P-selectin in mediating accelerated platelet clearance

Maha Othman et al.

BLOOD (2007)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Receptor-binding domain of SARS-Cov spike protein: Soluble expression in E.coli, purification and functional characterization

Jing Chen et al.

WORLD JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY (2005)

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Article Oncology

Complement activation following first exposure to pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (Doxil): possible role in hypersensitivity reactions

A Chanan-Khan et al.

ANNALS OF ONCOLOGY (2003)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Influenza A and B viruses expressing altered NS1 proteins: A vaccine approach

J Talon et al.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2000)

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