☆ 3.8 Review

Immunouniverse of SARS-CoV-2

IMMUNOLOGICAL MEDICINE (2022)

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Review Cell Biology

Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 entry into cells

Cody B. Jackson et al.

Summary: The entry of SARS-CoV-2 into host cells is facilitated by the interaction between the viral spike protein and ACE2, leading to virus-cell membrane fusion, which has been extensively studied at the structural and cellular levels worldwide. This understanding has paved the way for the development of effective vaccines in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the infection with SARS-CoV-2.

NATURE REVIEWS MOLECULAR CELL BIOLOGY (2022)

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Article Respiratory System

Rapid, simplified whole blood-based multiparameter assay to quantify and phenotype SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cells

Catherine Riou et al.

Summary: This study presents a scalable alternative method for quantifying and phenotyping SARS-CoV-2-specific T-cell responses using a minimal amount of blood. The results show detectable T-cell responses in asymptomatic individuals, which may be valuable for monitoring adaptive immunity due to natural infection or vaccine trials.

EUROPEAN RESPIRATORY JOURNAL (2022)

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Review Immunology

Natural killer cells in antiviral immunity

Niklas K. Bjorkstrom et al.

Summary: This review explores the role of natural killer cells in acute and chronic viral infections, particularly focusing on insights from patients with primary immunodeficiencies. It also discusses the involvement of natural killer cells in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. The review highlights the importance of NK cells in innate immune responses to viral infections and provides recent insights into their role in human studies.

NATURE REVIEWS IMMUNOLOGY (2022)

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Review Hematology

Weathering the COVID-19 storm: Lessons from hematologic cytokine syndromes

James T. England et al.

Summary: This review compares the clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment approaches of COVID-CSS with other hematological CSS, emphasizing novel therapeutics targeting cytokines and cell signaling pathways. Comparison of inflammation markers and cytokine levels aims to establish a foundation for future diagnostic criteria of COVID-CSS.

BLOOD REVIEWS (2021)

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Review Immunology

Review Article Genotype and phenotype of COVID-19: Their roles in pathogenesis

Leila Mousavizadeh et al.

Summary: COVID-19 is a novel coronavirus belonging to the Betacoronavirus genus, with similarities and differences in genomic structure compared to other human Betacoronaviruses. It contains at least six open reading frames and important structural proteins are encoded near the one-third of the genome.

JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY IMMUNOLOGY AND INFECTION (2021)

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Article Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Difference of coagulation features between severe pneumonia induced by SARS-CoV2 and non-SARS-CoV2

Shiyu Yin et al.

Summary: This study compared coagulation features and clinical outcomes of patients with severe pneumonia induced by SARS-CoV2 and non-SARS-CoV2. The 28-day mortality rate was higher in the COVID group, which had older patients with higher platelet counts. Patients with markedly elevated D-dimer in the COVID group may benefit from anticoagulant treatment.

JOURNAL OF THROMBOSIS AND THROMBOLYSIS (2021)

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Review Chemistry, Medicinal

Snake venom-derived bradykinin-potentiating peptides: A promising therapy forCOVID-19?

Ahmed S. Gouda et al.

Summary: SARS-COV-2-induced ACE2 inhibition affects the kinin-kallikrein system by increasing bradykinin 1-receptor effects and decreasing bradykinin 2-receptor effects, which are functionally related to the renin-angiotensin system. The snake-derived peptide BPP-10c could be an effective option for developing an anti-SARS-COV-2 drug due to its dual effects on both systems.

DRUG DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH (2021)

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Review Cell Biology

Increasing complexity of NLRP3 inflammasome regulation

Julien Moretti et al.

Summary: Inflammasomes are crucial multiprotein complexes that activate inflammatory responses by detecting danger signals. The activation of NLRP3 inflammasome is diverse and complex, involving both canonical and noncanonical pathways. Despite recent advances in understanding, some aspects of NLRP3 inflammasome still require further exploration.

JOURNAL OF LEUKOCYTE BIOLOGY (2021)

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Review Virology

The cytokine storm and COVID-19

Biying Hu et al.

Summary: COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, has become a global pandemic since its emergence in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, posing a serious threat to public health. Close contact and respiratory droplets are the main modes of transmission. The cytokine storm is closely associated with disease severity and mortality, emphasizing the importance of studying and treating the cytokine storm in COVID-19.

JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY (2021)

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Review Pathology

Immunopathology of Hyperinflammation in COVID-19

Joshua N. Gustine et al.

Summary: The rapid spread of COVID-19 has led to an unprecedented global public health crisis with recent studies suggesting that the hyperinflammatory syndrome induced by SARS-CoV-2 is a contributing factor to disease severity and mortality. Pathophysiological research shows that the hyperinflammatory syndrome in severe COVID-19 results from a dysregulated innate immune response. Current potential therapeutic approaches are being investigated to modulate the immune response and mitigate lung injury in severe COVID-19.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY (2021)

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Review Medicine, General & Internal

Transmission of SARS-CoV-2: A Review of Viral, Host, and Environmental Factors

Eric A. Meyerowitz et al.

Summary: SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19, primarily spreads through respiratory transmission, with infectiousness peaking around a day before symptom onset. Most individuals do not transmit the virus, while a few can cause super-spreading events.

ANNALS OF INTERNAL MEDICINE (2021)

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Review Hematology

The looming storm: Blood and cytokines in COVID-19

Supreet Kaur et al.

Summary: COVID-19, caused by the novel coronavirus, has led to a global pandemic with high mortality rates attributed mainly to multiple organ dysfunction such as respiratory failure, sepsis, cardiac failure, kidney injury, or coagulopathy. Hematological abnormalities, elevated cytokines, and thrombotic complications are crucial prognostic factors for worse outcomes in COVID-19 patients. Understanding the pathophysiology of these hematological abnormalities is essential for effective management and treatment strategies.

BLOOD REVIEWS (2021)

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Article Immunology

Unique immunological profile in patients with COVID-19

Stefania Varchetta et al.

Summary: The study found abnormal immune responses in COVID-19 patients, including exhaustion of NK cells and CD8(+)T cells, elevated levels of IL-6, and excessive secretion of inflammatory cytokines by monocytes. Patients with poor outcomes exhibited more severe immune dysregulation.

CELLULAR & MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Article Immunology

Survival of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and Influenza Virus on Human Skin: Importance of Hand Hygiene in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)

Ryohei Hirose et al.

Summary: The study found that SARS-CoV-2 survives longer on human skin compared to influenza A virus, increasing the risk of contact transmission and accelerating the pandemic. Proper hand hygiene is crucial in preventing the spread of the virus. Ethanol can completely inactivate both viruses within 15 seconds on human skin.

CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Is Toll-like receptor 4 involved in the severity of COVID-19 pathology in patients with cardiometabolic comorbidities?

Simone Cristina Soares Brandao et al.

Summary: The severe form of COVID-19 is characterized by an abnormal and exacerbated immune response, especially in patients with obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and atherosclerosis. The virus spike protein interacts strongly with TLR4, leading to a cytokine storm and multiple organ failure in some cases.

CYTOKINE & GROWTH FACTOR REVIEWS (2021)

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Review Medicine, General & Internal

Deciphering the COVID-19 cytokine storm: Systematic review and meta-analysis

Rubina Mulchandani et al.

Summary: Studies have shown significantly elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and reduced T lymphocytes in severe COVID-19 cases. However, there is heterogeneity across studies due to small sample sizes, nonuniform outcome assessment, and varied definitions of disease severity, indicating a need for well-designed and adequately powered prospective studies for more definitive answers.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION (2021)

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Review Immunology

T-cell responses and therapies against SARS-CoV-2 infection

Salman M. Toor et al.

Summary: COVID-19 is potentially an immune-related disease, where T cells play a crucial role with both pro- and anti-functions. Understanding the role of T cells in immune responses is essential for better management of COVID-19.

IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Article Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Environmental contamination in a coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19 intensive care unit-What is the risk?

Sean Wei Xiang Ong et al.

Summary: The study found that environmental contamination in the ICU was lower than in general wards, and the use of mechanical ventilation or high-flow nasal oxygen did not lead to greater surface contamination. The risk of transmission via environmental surfaces in the ICU is likely low, but infection control practices should still be reinforced.

INFECTION CONTROL AND HOSPITAL EPIDEMIOLOGY (2021)

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Review Biology

A Review on Expression, Pathological Roles, and Inhibition of TMPRSS2, the Serine Protease Responsible for SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Activation

Jyotirmoy Sarker et al.

Summary: TMPRSS2, a protease responsible for the cleavage of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, correlates with the infection site and expression rates with age, sex, and comorbidities. Inhibiting TMPRSS2 may reduce viral cellular entry, ultimately impacting infection rates and severity of cases. Drug development studies are underway to develop potential inhibitors of the protease.

SCIENTIFICA (2021)

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Review Gastroenterology & Hepatology

COVID-19: Discovery, diagnostics and drug development

Tarik Asselah et al.

Summary: COVID-19 started in Wuhan in 2019 and has become a global pandemic. The virus responsible, SARS-CoV-2, shares a high sequence identity with bat- and pangolin-derived coronaviruses. Risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection include age, obesity, diabetes, and hypertension.

JOURNAL OF HEPATOLOGY (2021)

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Article Immunology

Complement Activation in the Disease Course of Coronavirus Disease 2019 and Its Effects on Clinical Outcomes

Aline H. de Nooijer et al.

Summary: In COVID-19 patients, activation of the complement system is associated with disease severity, mortality rate, and thromboembolic events. This suggests components of the complement system could serve as potential prognostic markers and therapeutic targets in COVID-19.

JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Review Virology

Management of SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia

Caterina Sagnelli et al.

Summary: The severity of COVID-19 depends on host characteristics and viral load, with the virus primarily targeting receptor cells in the respiratory tract and lungs. Further research is needed to understand the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection and assess the long-term effects of the virus on the lungs.

JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY (2021)

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Letter Infectious Diseases

Low risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission by fomites in real-life conditions

Mario U. Mondelli et al.

LANCET INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Review Urology & Nephrology

Immunity, endothelial injury and complement-induced coagulopathy in COVID-19

Luca Perico et al.

Summary: This review provides insights into the pathogenic mechanisms and clinical manifestations of COVID-19, highlighting the critical role of the immunological hyper-response induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection. The authors emphasize the importance of early diagnosis and intervention in controlling disease progression.

NATURE REVIEWS NEPHROLOGY (2021)

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Review Cell Biology

The Impact of COVID-19 Disease on Platelets and Coagulation

Geoffrey D. Wool et al.

Summary: COVID-19 infection can lead to a proinflammatory state and abnormalities in the coagulation mechanism, with patients often experiencing thrombosis. Elevated levels of D-dimer are positively correlated with mortality, and patients typically exhibit mild thrombocytopenia.

PATHOBIOLOGY (2021)

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Review Virology

Covid-19 and kidney injury: Pathophysiology and molecular mechanisms

Elham Ahmadian et al.

Summary: Kidney involvement in Covid-19 mainly presents as proteinuria and acute kidney injury, with mechanisms including direct viral infection of kidney cells, immune dysregulation, and other factors. Understanding the pathophysiology is crucial for developing effective therapeutic strategies.

REVIEWS IN MEDICAL VIROLOGY (2021)

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Review Critical Care Medicine

COVID-19 Associated Hypercoagulability: Manifestations, Mechanisms, and Management

Michael A. Mazzeffi et al.

Summary: Patients with severe COVID-19 often develop hypercoagulability, which can improve with anticoagulant therapy. Viscoelastic coagulation testing provides an opportunity to tailor anticoagulant therapy based on individual coagulation status.

SHOCK (2021)

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Article Surgery

Venous thrombosis epidemiology, pathophysiology, and anticoagulant therapies and trials in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection

Andrea T. Obi et al.

Summary: Infection with SARS-CoV-2 virus increases the risk of significant coagulopathy and venous thromboembolism; anticoagulants play a vital role in treatment.

JOURNAL OF VASCULAR SURGERY-VENOUS AND LYMPHATIC DISORDERS (2021)

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2): SARS-CoV-2 receptor and RAS modulator

Jingwei Bian et al.

Summary: This article summarizes the complex relationship between the coronavirus, ACE2, and RAS, proposing novel infection modes and pathways for virus entry mediated by ACE2, while also discussing the controversy surrounding the use of anti-RAS drugs.

ACTA PHARMACEUTICA SINICA B (2021)

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Article Pediatrics

Association between circulating furin levels, obesity and pro-inflammatory markers in children

Per Sward et al.

Summary: This study found that higher circulating furin levels were associated with obesity and overweight in children, with positive correlations between furin and markers of adiposity and inflammation. These findings suggest a potential link between furin, adiposity, and inflammatory milieu in children, warranting further investigation into the role of furin in fat tissue inflammation and cardiometabolic diseases in children.

ACTA PAEDIATRICA (2021)

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Article Critical Care Medicine

Tissue-Specific Immunopathology in Fatal COVID-19

David A. Dorward et al.

Summary: In fatal COVID-19 cases, abnormal immune responses were found primarily in the lung and reticuloendothelial system, which were not clearly associated with the virus. Tissue-specific immunopathology in COVID-19 implicates a significant role of immune-mediated, virus-independent mechanisms in severe disease.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF RESPIRATORY AND CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Dynamics and Correlation Among Viral Positivity, Seroconversion, and Disease Severity in COVID-19 A Retrospective Study

Yu Fu et al.

Summary: The study found that among patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19, the viral PCR positivity rate peaked within the first 3 days, while the seroconversion rate peaked within 4 to 5 weeks. Critically ill patients had a longer duration of viral positivity, and low IgM titers were identified as an independent risk factor for persistent viral positivity.

ANNALS OF INTERNAL MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Hematology

Circulating Markers of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Are of Prognostic Value in Patients With COVID-19

Henry Ng et al.

Summary: Elevated levels of NET markers in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19 were found to be associated with disease severity, respiratory support requirement, and short-term mortality. These markers declined to healthy individual levels four months post-infection. The study suggests a potential role of NETs in COVID-19 disease progression and as targets for novel therapeutic interventions.

ARTERIOSCLEROSIS THROMBOSIS AND VASCULAR BIOLOGY (2021)

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Article Hematology

Patients With COVID-19 Have Elevated Levels of Circulating Extracellular Vesicle Tissue Factor Activity That Is Associated With Severity and Mortality-Brief Report

Axel Rosell et al.

Summary: The study found that COVID-19 patients have significantly higher levels of circulating EV TF activity compared to healthy controls. This increased activity was associated with disease severity, mortality, and markers like D-dimer, indicating a potential role of EV TF in driving thrombosis in COVID-19 patients.

ARTERIOSCLEROSIS THROMBOSIS AND VASCULAR BIOLOGY (2021)

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Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Detection of Viral Infections by Innate Immunity

Michael Carty et al.

Summary: Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and inflammasomes play key roles in the anti-viral innate immune system by detecting viral molecular patterns and producing inflammatory cytokines to combat viral infections. Inflammasomes contribute to anti-viral responses by inducing cell death. Excessive innate immune responses may contribute to viral pathology.

BIOCHEMICAL PHARMACOLOGY (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Potential inhibitors interacting in Neuropilin-1 to develop an adjuvant drug against COVID-19, by molecular docking

Jose Luis Vique-Sanchez

Summary: This study proposes ten potential inhibitors to hinder the interaction between the S1 region in the S-Protein of SARSCoV-2 and the b1 region in NRP1, aiming to develop a new adjuvant / complementary drug against COVID-19 and to slow down the virus infection process. These compounds have a high probability to be safe in humans, validated by web servers for prediction of ADME and toxicity (PreADMET).

BIOORGANIC & MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY (2021)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Dynamic changes in lymphocyte subsets and parallel cytokine levels in patients with severe and critical COVID-19

Yangli Liu et al.

Summary: A sustained decrease in lymphocyte subsets, especially CD4(+) T cells and NK cells, interacting with proinflammatory cytokine storms was associated with severe disease and poor prognosis in COVID-19.

BMC INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Functional SARS-CoV-2-Specific Immune Memory Persists after Mild COVID-19

Lauren B. Rodda et al.

Summary: The study found that individuals recovered from mild COVID-19 develop sustained SARS-CoV-2-specific immunological memory for at least 3 months, including immunoglobulin antibodies, neutralizing plasma, and memory B and T cells. These memory lymphocytes exhibit potent antiviral function, aiding in immune defense.

CELL (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Synergism of TNF-α and IFN-γ Triggers Inflammatory Cell Death, Tissue Damage, and Mortality in SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Cytokine Shock Syndromes

Rajendra Karki et al.

Summary: The combination of TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma induces inflammatory cell death characterized by PANoptosis, which can be inhibited to protect mice from the pathological effects and death caused by COVID-19. Blocking the cytokine-mediated inflammatory cell death signaling pathway may benefit patients with COVID-19 or other infectious and autoinflammatory diseases by limiting tissue damage/inflammation.

CELL (2021)

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Article Cell Biology

Discriminating mild from critical COVID-19 by innate and adaptive immune single-cell profiling of bronchoalveolar lavages

Els Wauters et al.

Summary: Single-cell deep-immune profiling revealed that specific T cells in mild COVID-19 patients exhibit active expansion and function, while in critical COVID-19 they remain more naive. Furthermore, the monocyte-to-macrophage trajectories show enrichment of chronic hyperinflammatory monocytes and depletion of anti-inflammatory alveolar macrophages in critical COVID-19.

CELL RESEARCH (2021)

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Editorial Material Immunology

The interplay between dendritic cells and CD8 T lymphocytes is a crucial component of SARS-CoV-2 immunity

Jonas Buttenschoen et al.

CELLULAR & MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Letter Urology & Nephrology

Expression of CD147 and Cyclophilin A in Kidneys of Patients with COVID-19

Hua Su et al.

CLINICAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF NEPHROLOGY (2021)

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Review Medicine, Research & Experimental

Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and COVID-19 in cardiorenal diseases

Ravindra K. Sharma et al.

Summary: The key role of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in SARS-CoV-2 infection involves regulating the renin-angiotensin system and serving as a receptor for the virus, with down-regulation potentially leading to detrimental effects on the cardiovascular system, kidneys, and intestine.

CLINICAL SCIENCE (2021)

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Article Environmental Sciences

Investigation of SARS CoV-2 virus in environmental surface

Abdollah Dargahi et al.

Summary: Recent studies have shown that SARS-CoV-2 can persist on environmental surfaces, with positive samples detected on surfaces such as door handles, light switches, and cupboards in hospitals, indicating the need for thorough disinfection protocols to prevent the spread of the virus.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH (2021)

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Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Repositioning of histamine H1 receptor antagonist: Doxepin inhibits viropexis of SARS-CoV-2 Spike pseudovirus by blocking ACE2

Shuai Ge et al.

Summary: The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 poses a significant threat to global health, and repurposing histamine H1 receptor antagonists for potential antiviral effects against SARS-CoV-2 infection shows promising results, with doxepin identified as a viable drug candidate for clinical trials.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY (2021)

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Review Immunology

Pharmacological approach for the reduction of inflammatory and prothrombotic hyperactive state in COVID-19 positive patients by acting on complement cascade

A. Vitiello et al.

Summary: This passage discusses the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 and the ongoing global pandemic COVID-19, highlighting the importance of understanding the immunological and inflammatory processes of the infection. It also emphasizes the significance of pharmacological approaches to regulating the uncontrolled inflammatory/immunologic response in severe cases of COVID-19 infection.

HUMAN IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Article Immunology

The persistence of interleukin-6 is regulated by a blood buffer system derived from dendritic cells

Ashraf S. Yousif et al.

Summary: The study identified conventional dendritic cells as a major source of circulating sIL-6R, which regulates IL-6 signaling through a T cell-independent pathway, providing important insights into modulating pro-inflammatory immune reactions.

IMMUNITY (2021)

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Editorial Material Immunology

T Cell Memory: Understanding COVID-19

Nicholas N. Jarjour et al.

Summary: This primer discusses the fundamental features of T cell memory and their potential relevance for effective immunity to SARS-CoV-2, as the focus shifts towards establishing natural and vaccine-induced immunity against COVID-19.

IMMUNITY (2021)

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Article Immunology

SARS-CoV-2 attachment to host cells is possibly mediated via RGD-integrin interaction in a calcium-dependent manner and suggests pulmonary EDTA chelation therapy as a novel treatment for COVID 19

Tikam Chand Dakal

Summary: The study suggests that SARS-CoV-2 may exploit integrins, particularly those with high expression in lungs and vital organs, via the RGD motif for invading host cells, potentially explaining its higher infectivity. This alternate receptor theory contrasts with the traditional ACE2 receptor, and experimental verification is needed to confirm the findings.

IMMUNOBIOLOGY (2021)

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Review Cell Biology

Histamine receptors and COVID-19

Madeleine Ennis et al.

Summary: Reports on the potential benefits of the over-the-counter histamine H-2 receptor antagonist famotidine in treating COVID-19 began to emerge in April 2020. However, clinical trials are still ongoing to confirm these findings. Studies suggest that famotidine may have an immunomodulatory effect on COVID-19 inflammation, rather than a direct antiviral action against SARS-CoV-2.

INFLAMMATION RESEARCH (2021)

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Review Immunology

Neutrophils and COVID-19: The road so far

Luiz Henrique Agra Cavalcante-Silva et al.

Summary: COVID-19, triggered by SARS-Cov2 infection, is a multisystem inflammatory disorder characterized by acute respiratory distress syndrome, cytokine-driven hyper inflammation, and leukocytes count changes. Neutrophils have been identified as essential effector cells in the development of COVID-19, utilizing mechanisms such as neutrophil enzymes, cytokines, and neutrophil extracellular traps. This review summarizes significant findings regarding neutrophils and their effector mechanisms in COVID-19.

INTERNATIONAL IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY (2021)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

A Missing Link: Engagements of Dendritic Cells in the Pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 Infections

Abdulaziz Alamri et al.

Summary: Dendritic cells play crucial roles in connecting and regulating the immune system in the context of viral diseases like COVID-19. However, there are still gaps in understanding how dendritic cells contribute to COVID-19 immune responses, highlighting the need for further research in this area.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2021)

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Review Immunology

Dendritic cells in COVID-19 immunopathogenesis: insights for a possible role in determining disease outcome

Rodrigo Cerqueira Borges et al.

Summary: SARS-CoV-2, the novel coronavirus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, has spread rapidly worldwide affecting over 200 countries. Older individuals are more susceptible, and understanding the interaction between the immune system and the virus, as well as the role of dendritic cells during infection, is crucial for elucidating COVID-19 pathogenesis, risk factors, and development of effective therapies and vaccines.

INTERNATIONAL REVIEWS OF IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Article Immunology

Complement activation and endothelial perturbation parallel COVID-19 severity and activity

Massimo Cugno et al.

Summary: The study found that complement activation is enhanced during the progression of COVID-19 and dampened during remission, indicating its role in the pathophysiology of the disease. The association between complement activation and the biomarkers of endothelial damage suggests that complement may contribute to tissue injury and could be the target of specific therapy.

JOURNAL OF AUTOIMMUNITY (2021)

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Article Cell Biology

T and B cell Epitope analysis of SARS-CoV-2 S protein based on immunoinformatics and experimental research

Ziwei Chen et al.

Summary: This study identified potential B and T cell epitopes from the S protein of SARS-CoV-2 using immunoinformatics, highlighting specific peptide epitopes with high antigenicity and immunogenicity for vaccine development. The study also showed stable interactions between the predicted peptide epitopes and HLA, suggesting their efficacy as novel vaccine targets to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection.

JOURNAL OF CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Immunology

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2-Induced Immune Activation and Death of Monocyte-Derived Human Macrophages and Dendritic Cells

Jian Zheng et al.

Summary: Studies have shown that SARS-CoV-2 infection of immature macrophages and dendritic cells leads to failed replication but induces the production of various antiviral and proinflammatory cytokines, ultimately causing cell death mediated by interferon. Activation and death of macrophages are not enhanced even when exposed to low levels of convalescent plasma.

JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Review Cell Biology

Neutrophils mediate Th17 promotion in COVID-19 patients

Zuzana Parackova et al.

Summary: Neutrophils play a crucial role in the pathophysiology of COVID-19 by affecting the polarization of T cells, leading to a skewed Th1/Th17 adaptive immune response. Targeting neutrophils and Th17 may represent a potential therapeutic strategy for severe COVID-19 patients.

JOURNAL OF LEUKOCYTE BIOLOGY (2021)

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Review Cell Biology

Identification of key signaling pathways induced by SARS-CoV2 that underlie thrombosis and vascular injury in COVID-19 patients

Anthony J. Maxwell et al.

Summary: The immune response triggered by SARS-CoV-2 infection and the potential mechanisms behind various complications associated with COVID-19 need further investigation.

JOURNAL OF LEUKOCYTE BIOLOGY (2021)

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Review Endocrinology & Metabolism

ACE2 in the second act of COVID-19 syndrome: Peptide dysregulation and possible correction with oestrogen

Limei Zhang et al.

Summary: COVID-19 has emerged as the most critical pandemic of the 21st Century, with SARS-CoV-2 infecting hosts through ACE2 binding. The debate surrounds the role of ACE2 in the pathophysiology, with potential new therapeutic strategies focusing on regulating ACE2 to reduce disease severity. Understanding the endocrinology, particularly the neuroendocrinology of ACE2 during COVID-19, may lead to the development of effective treatments.

JOURNAL OF NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY (2021)

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Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

More that ACE2? NRP1 may play a central role in the underlying pathophysiological mechanism of olfactory dysfunction in COVID-19 and its association with enhanced survival

Claire Hopkins et al.

Summary: Three proposed mechanisms for COVID-19 associated olfactory dysfunction include obstruction, epithelial injury, and infection of support cells expressing ACE2, but recent identification of a second viral entry route mediated by NRP1 addresses inconsistencies in explaining features such as changes in the olfactory bulb and the inverse relationship between olfactory loss and disease severity. Variability in ACE2 expression by different cells may also contribute to differing morbidity and immune responses in COVID-19.

MEDICAL HYPOTHESES (2021)

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Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

Dendritic cell vaccine immunotherapy; the beginning of the end of cancer and COVID-19. A hypothesis

Mona Kamal Saadeldin et al.

Summary: Immunotherapy, particularly dendritic cell (DC) vaccine therapy, is a promising approach for combating cancer and potentially treating diseases like COVID-19. Clinical trials are ongoing to explore the efficacy of DC vaccine therapy in combination with other interventions. This personalized treatment option may benefit vulnerable populations, such as cancer patients with compromised immune systems.

MEDICAL HYPOTHESES (2021)

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Article Immunology

Structural and functional insights into non-structural proteins of coronaviruses

Mohammed A. Rohaim et al.

Summary: Coronaviruses, due to their zoonotic nature, have caused various diseases in both humans and animals. The recent emergence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causing COVID-19 has resulted in high morbidity and mortality. Understanding the structure and function of coronaviruses' RNA synthesizing machinery and replication strategies is crucial for developing effective control strategies.

MICROBIAL PATHOGENESIS (2021)

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Review Immunology

The interplay between inflammatory pathways and COVID-19: A critical review on pathogenesis and therapeutic options

Shalki Choudhary et al.

Summary: COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, leads to acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) through inflammatory signaling pathways and cytokine storm. Excessive secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and dysregulation of the immune system can cause immune damage, while dysfunction of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is associated with mortality. There is currently no specific treatment available, but various treatment options are being researched by scientists.

MICROBIAL PATHOGENESIS (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Evolution of antibody immunity to SARS-CoV-2

Christian Gaebler et al.

Summary: After infection with SARS-CoV-2, antibody levels against the spike protein decrease significantly, but the number of memory B cells remain unchanged, indicating an evolving humoral response at 6.2 months after infection.

NATURE (2021)

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Article Biotechnology & Applied Microbiology

Hypertension delays viral clearance and exacerbates airway hyperinflammation in patients with COVID-19

Saskia Trump et al.

Summary: Single-cell analysis reveals the impact of ACEI and ARB treatments on COVID-19 progression in patients with hypertension. ACEI treatment is associated with dampened inflammation and enhanced antiviral responses, while ARB treatment is related to increased epithelial-immune cell interactions, suggesting further investigation is warranted for the clinical benefits of ACEI treatment in this patient population.

NATURE BIOTECHNOLOGY (2021)

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Article Immunology

Untuned antiviral immunity in COVID-19 revealed by temporal type I/III interferon patterns and flu comparison

Ioanna-Evdokia Galani et al.

Summary: Andreakos and colleagues conducted a study comparing patients with COVID-19 and influenza, finding that COVID-19 patients exhibited a dysregulated interferon response with diminished and delayed interferon production compared to flu patients. In COVID-19 patients, pro-inflammatory cytokines were produced before interferons and persisted longer, leading to worsened clinical outcomes.

NATURE IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Article Psychiatry

Psychiatric morbidity and protracted symptoms after COVID-19

Burc Cagri Poyraz et al.

Summary: The study revealed that recovered COVID-19 patients may experience substantial psychological distress, including PTSD, anxiety, and/or depression, in the first few months after the acute infection. Protracted symptoms were common during this period and closely linked to posttraumatic symptoms.

PSYCHIATRY RESEARCH (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Immunological memory to SARS-CoV-2 assessed for up to 8 months after infection

Jennifer M. Dan et al.

Summary: Different components of immune memory to SARS-CoV-2 exhibit distinct kinetics, with antibodies and spike-specific memory B cells remaining relatively stable over 6 months, while CD4(+) T cells and CD8(+) T cells declining with a half-life of 3 to 5 months after infection.

SCIENCE (2021)

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Article Cell Biology

IgA dominates the early neutralizing antibody response to SARS-CoV-2

Delphine Sterlin et al.

Summary: The study found that humoral immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection are dominated by IgA antibodies, with specific IgA plasmablasts rapidly expanding shortly after symptom onset and peaking in the third week of the disease. Virus-specific antibody responses include IgG, IgM, and IgA, with IgA playing a greater role in virus neutralization compared to IgG.

SCIENCE TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Endocrinology & Metabolism

Altered Cholesterol and Lipid Synthesis Mediates Hyperinflammation in COVID-19

Yahya Sohrabi et al.

TRENDS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM (2021)

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Review Immunology

T Cells: Warriors of SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Paola de Candia et al.

Summary: Severe infection with SARS-CoV-2 is characterized by massive cytokine release and T cell loss. The exaggerated host immune response, possibly dependent on T cell immunological memory, may significantly contribute to immunopathology and massive collateral damage in COVID-19 patients, especially in adults compared with children.

TRENDS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Article Virology

A novel ratio of CD8+:B-cells as a prognostic marker of coronavirus disease 2019 patient progression and outcome

Maria G. Detsika et al.

Summary: The study analyzed immune responses in critically ill COVID-19 patients and found that the CD8(+):B cells ratio was significantly lower in intubated patients compared to non-intubated, and correlated with disease severity and outcome. This ratio may serve as a useful prognostic marker.

VIROLOGY (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Analysis of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in COVID-19 convalescent blood using a coronavirus antigen microarray

Rafael R. de Assis et al.

Summary: Diagnosis of COVID-19 by PCR testing may underestimate the true prevalence of infection; serologic methods are more accurate and versatile for monitoring disease burden and epidemiology. A protein microarray with antigens from SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and common human respiratory viruses has been reported as a diagnostic, epidemiologic, and research tool.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Host and viral determinants for efficient SARS-CoV-2 infection of the human lung

Hin Chu et al.

Summary: Understanding the factors contributing to efficient SARS-CoV-2 infection in human cells can provide insights into the virus's transmissibility and pathogenesis. The study identifies heparan sulfate as an important attachment factor, while sialic acids on ACE2 may restrict efficient spike/ACE2 interaction in lung tissues. Moreover, the presence of a furin-like cleavage site in SARS-CoV-2 spike is crucial for efficient virus replication in human lungs.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

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Review Nutrition & Dietetics

Nutraceutical Strategies for Suppressing NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation: Pertinence to the Management of COVID-19 and Beyond

Mark F. McCarty et al.

Summary: Inflammasomes are intracellular protein complexes that play a crucial role in the inflammatory response, with the NLRP3 inflammasome being the most studied. Research suggests that certain nutraceuticals may have the potential to suppress inflammasome activity, which could be beneficial for prevention and control of various medical disorders.

NUTRIENTS (2021)

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Article Cell Biology

Cell-Type-Specific Immune Dysregulation in Severely Ill COVID-19 Patients

Changfu Yao et al.

Summary: Recent studies have shown immunologic dysfunction in severely ill patients with COVID-19, particularly in those with ARDS, where defective antigen presentation and interferon responsiveness were observed in monocytes. There was also suppressed cytotoxic activity in NK cells and CD8 T lymphocytes, along with deficient B cell activation, indicating delayed viral clearance in severely ill patients. These findings suggest an immune imbalance in COVID-19 patients with ARDS, potentially contributing to a more severe disease course.

CELL REPORTS (2021)

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Article Cell Biology

MDA5 Governs the Innate Immune Response to SARS-CoV-2 in Lung Epithelial Cells

Xin Yin et al.

Summary: Recent studies show that cellular responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection may influence disease severity, with MDA5 and LGP2 primarily regulating IFN induction in lung epithelial cells. Further analysis revealed that viral intermediates specifically activate the IFN response through MDA5-mediated sensing, and transcription factors IRF3, IRF5, and NF-kappa B/p65 play key roles in regulating the IFN response during SARS-CoV-2 infection. These findings provide valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms of innate immune recognition and signaling response to SARS-CoV-2.

CELL REPORTS (2021)

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Article Cell Biology

Early induction of functional SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells associates with rapid viral clearance and mild disease in COVID-19 patients

Anthony T. Tan et al.

Summary: This study found that early induction of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) secreting SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells was present in patients with mild disease and accelerated viral clearance, while rapid induction and quantity of humoral responses were associated with an increase in disease severity. These findings highlight the importance of early functional SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells in both vaccine design and immune monitoring.

CELL REPORTS (2021)

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Review Microbiology

The role of Neuropilin-1 in COVID-19

Bindu S. Mayi et al.

Summary: NRP-1, a member of a family of signaling proteins, plays a critical role in SARS-CoV-2 infection and may be involved in immune function, transmission pathways, and disease severity. Research suggests NRP-1 could serve as a therapeutic target in SARS-CoV-2 infections, highlighting the need for further study.

PLOS PATHOGENS (2021)

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Review Physiology

Pathophysiological Processes Underlying the High Prevalence of Deep Vein Thrombosis in Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients

Sebastian Voicu et al.

Summary: COVID-19 patients, especially those in critical condition, are predisposed to deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. The inflammatory and prothrombotic phenotype in these patients is marked by increased levels of certain proteins and factors. This, along with venous stasis, significantly raises the risk of thrombosis in critically ill COVID-19 patients.

FRONTIERS IN PHYSIOLOGY (2021)

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Article Chemistry, Medicinal

Proteolytic Activation of SARS-CoV-2 Spike at the S1/S2 Boundary: Potential Role of Proteases beyond Furin

Tiffany Tang et al.

Summary: The cleavage of the S1/S2 site in SARS-CoV-2 is essential for viral entry into host cells, occurring at different membrane locations and potentially processed by various proteases.

ACS INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Chemokines and chemokine receptors during COVID-19 infection

Bariaa A. Khalil et al.

Summary: Chemokines play a crucial role in the immune response by clearing pathogens, but their excessive release can lead to hyperinflammation and severe complications. In COVID-19, chemokines may directly cause acute respiratory distress syndrome, increasing the risk of death. Understanding the role of chemokines in COVID-19 pathogenesis is important for developing potential therapeutic targets.

COMPUTATIONAL AND STRUCTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL (2021)

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Review Microbiology

Severe COVID-19 and Sepsis: Immune Pathogenesis and Laboratory Markers

Mai M. Zafer et al.

Summary: The ongoing COVID-19 outbreak caused by SARS-CoV-2 has significantly impacted people and countries globally. The pathogenesis involves cytokine storm, vascular issues, and multiorgan failure, with viral load and host inflammation playing key roles. Variations in immune responses among patients may affect disease progression and outcomes.

MICROORGANISMS (2021)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Elucidating the Interactions Between Heparin/Heparan Sulfate and SARS-CoV-2-Related Proteins-An Important Strategy for Developing Novel Therapeutics for the COVID-19 Pandemic

Mingjia Yu et al.

Summary: The infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 has become a major threat with high mortality rates and rapid spread, leading to over 70 million infections and 1.6 million deaths. New strategies are urgently needed for treatment due to the lack of effective therapeutics or widely available vaccines. The use of heparin/HS and their mimetics may serve as potential drugs by competing with cell surface HS to prevent viral adhesion and modulate inflammatory reactions, highlighting the importance of understanding coronavirus invasion mechanisms and HS-protein interactions for potential treatment avenues.

FRONTIERS IN MOLECULAR BIOSCIENCES (2021)

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Review Biology

C-type Lectin CD209L/L-SIGN and CD209/DC-SIGN: Cell Adhesion Molecules Turned to Pathogen Recognition Receptors

Nader Rahimi

Summary: The interaction between the S protein of SARS-CoV-2 and CD209 family proteins plays a crucial role in the virus's transmission and infection process, potentially leading to dysregulation of the host immune response and affecting various organs, including the cardiovascular system. Understanding the mechanisms behind this interaction could provide insights for therapies and vaccine development.

BIOLOGY-BASEL (2021)

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Letter Oncology

Natural killer cells associated with SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA shedding, antibody response and mortality in COVID-19 patients

Changqian Bao et al.

Summary: COVID-19 patients are discharged based on two consecutive negative viral RNA tests, improved respiratory symptoms, and obvious absorption of inflammation in pulmonary imaging. Differences in various blood cell counts and infection-related parameters were found between severe and non-severe groups. Higher counts of certain immune cells were associated with faster clearance of the virus and better outcomes.

EXPERIMENTAL HEMATOLOGY & ONCOLOGY (2021)

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Article Allergy

Potential association of mast cells with coronavirus disease 2019

Theoharis C. Theoharides

ANNALS OF ALLERGY ASTHMA & IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

The role of TNFR2+ Tregs in COVID-19: An overview and a potential therapeutic strategy

Suhana Ahmad et al.

Summary: COVID-19 is a complex disease with various manifestations, primarily affecting the lungs and potentially other organs, with immune dysregulation contributing to disease severity. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) and their hallmark TNFR2 are suggested to play a significant role in COVID-19 management.

LIFE SCIENCES (2021)

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Article Environmental Sciences

On the concentration of SARS-CoV-2 in outdoor air and the interaction with pre-existing atmospheric particles

Franco Belosi et al.

Summary: The study estimated outdoor concentrations in northern Italy and found that the probability of airborne transmission due to respiratory aerosol is very low in outdoor conditions. While it may be more relevant for indoor community environments, further studies are necessary to investigate the potential risks.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH (2021)

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Review Environmental Sciences

Contamination of inert surfaces by SARS-CoV-2: Persistence, stability and infectivity. A review

Montse Marques et al.

Summary: SARS-CoV-2 is primarily transmitted through close contact between individuals or small aerosol respiratory droplets, with air pollution potentially serving as another pathway of transmission. Research indicates that the virus can survive on various surfaces for hours to days, but swift inactivation is possible through the use of common chemicals and biocides on inanimate surfaces, reducing the risk of virus transmission significantly.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH (2021)

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Review Immunology

Immune reactivity during COVID-19: Implications for treatment

Claudio Napoli et al.

Summary: Clinical symptoms of COVID-19 include fever, cough, and fatigue, with severe cases often exhibiting lymphopenia and eosinopenia, leading to aberrant inflammatory response and cytokine storm. T cell response plays a critical role in understanding pathogenic mechanisms, with treatment strategies including corticosteroids and IL-6 receptor antagonists. Anticoagulative therapy and passive immunotherapy also show promise in reducing mortality and improving outcomes in COVID-19 patients.

IMMUNOLOGY LETTERS (2021)

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Article Infectious Diseases

B cell depletion and signs of sepsis-acquired immunodeficiency in bone marrow and spleen of COVID-19 deceased

Jana Ihlow et al.

Summary: The study revealed that severe COVID-19 pneumonia with bacterial infection may lead to sepsis-related immunodeficiency. Additionally, lymphocytopenia in COVID-19 patients is accompanied by B cell depletion in hematopoietic tissue, which could impact the durability of the humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2021)

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Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

COVID-19 and SARS-CoV-2 host cell entry mediators: Expression profiling of TMRSS4 in health and disease

Periklis Katopodis et al.

Summary: The study revealed that TMPRSS4 is overexpressed in multiple types of cancer but significantly downregulated in others. Additionally, high expression of TMPRSS4 was documented in specific brain regions associated with the sense of smell and taste.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR MEDICINE (2021)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Innate Receptor Activation Patterns Involving TLR and NLR Synergisms in COVID-19, ALI/ARDS and Sepsis Cytokine Storms: A Review and Model Making Novel Predictions and Therapeutic Suggestions

Robert Root-Bernstein

Summary: Severe COVID-19 is characterized by a cytokine storm believed to result from synergistic interactions between Toll-like receptors (TLR) and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors (NLR) due to combined infections of SARS-CoV-2 with bacteria and fungi. This proposition is supported by evidence showing increased TLR4, TLR7, TLR9, and NLRP3 activity in severe cases, as well as the presence of bacterial and fungal infections.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2021)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

ERAP1 and ERAP2 Enzymes: A Protective Shield for RAS against COVID-19?

Silvia D'Amico et al.

Summary: COVID-19 patients exhibit a wide range of clinical outcomes, from asymptomatic to severe respiratory syndrome. Identifying prognostic factors can help improve risk stratification and determine the most effective treatment. Dysfunctional status of ERAP1 and ERAP2 enzymes may exacerbate the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection, worsening symptoms and clinical outcomes of the disease.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2021)

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Article Immunology

SARS-CoV-2 induces human plasmacytoid predendritic cell diversification via UNC93B and IRAK4

Fanny Onodi et al.

Summary: Studies have shown that human pDCs can be efficiently activated by SARS-CoV-2 particles and may contribute to type I IFN-dependent immunity against SARS-CoV-2 infection.

JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Biochemical Research Methods

Genomic and evolutionary comparison between SARS-CoV-2 and other human coronaviruses

Zigui Chen et al.

Summary: The study found that all human coronaviruses form distinct phylogenetic clades with their closest animal relatives, indicating a long evolutionary history in specific ecological niches before jumping species barrier to infect humans. The close relationship between SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2 suggests a similar evolutionary origin. The lower Effective Codon Number (ENC) pattern and CpG dinucleotide suppression in SARS-CoV-2 genomes compared to SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV may imply a better host fitness, contributing to its ability to sustain a pandemic.

JOURNAL OF VIROLOGICAL METHODS (2021)

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Article Virology

SARS-CoV-2 Triggers an MDA-5-Dependent Interferon Response Which Is Unable To Control Replication in Lung Epithelial Cells

Antoine Rebendenne et al.

Summary: The study found that in lung cells, despite producing high levels of IFNs in response to SARS-CoV-2 infection, the IFN response was unable to control viral replication, contrary to what was observed in intestinal epithelial cells. The ambiguous interplay between viral replication and the timing of IFN responses needs to be further understood for guiding future therapeutic interventions.

JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY (2021)

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Review Medicine, Research & Experimental

Monocytes and macrophages in COVID-19: Friends and foes

Sepideh Meidaninikjeh et al.

Summary: COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, leads to high mortality rates globally, mainly due to hyperinflammatory responses. Monocytes and macrophages play crucial roles in the innate immune defense against viral infections, but aberrant alterations can result in harmful effects such as cytokine storm in severe cases of acute respiratory distress syndrome caused by SARS-CoV-2.

LIFE SCIENCES (2021)

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Article Virology

Targeting the Complement Serine Protease MASP-2 as a Therapeutic Strategy for Coronavirus Infections

Ben M. Flude et al.

Summary: MASP-2 plays a crucial role in the lectin pathway of complement activation, and hyperactivation by coronaviruses can lead to severe lung injury. Inhibitors targeting MASP-2's catalytic activity or the protein-protein interaction with coronaviral N proteins show promise in mitigating lung injury caused by coronavirus infections. Repurposing existing drugs could provide potential support strategies in preventing severe complications of coronavirus infections.

VIRUSES-BASEL (2021)

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Article Virology

TMPRSS11D and TMPRSS13 Activate the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein

Mai Kishimoto et al.

Summary: The study found that exogenous expression of TMPRSS11D and TMPRSS13 enhances the cellular uptake and replication of the coronavirus, playing an important role in the infection of SARS-CoV-2. Additionally, SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 utilize the same proteases in the viral entry process.

VIRUSES-BASEL (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Protective mucosal immunity against SARS-CoV-2 after heterologous systemic prime-mucosal boost immunization

Dennis Lapuente et al.

Summary: The study demonstrates that priming with systemic mRNA and boosting with intranasal adenoviral vector vaccine in mice induces comprehensive T cell and mucosal immunity. The strategy provides complete protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection in mice after boosting.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

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Article Immunology

Increased sCD163 and sCD14 Plasmatic Levels and Depletion of Peripheral Blood Pro-Inflammatory Monocytes, Myeloid and Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells in Patients With Severe COVID-19 Pneumonia

Maria Antonella Zingaropoli et al.

Summary: Elevated levels of sCD163 and sCD14 were observed in COVID-19 patients, particularly in those developing ARDS, with correlations to typical inflammatory markers. This suggests their potential use in assessing disease progression risk. Lower percentages of monocytes and DCs in COVID-19 patients, especially in the ARDS group, indicate their role in disease severity.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Article Immunology

Mast Cell and Eosinophil Activation Are Associated With COVID-19 and TLR-Mediated Viral Inflammation: Implications for an Anti-Siglec-8 Antibody

Simon Gebremeskel et al.

Summary: The activation of MC and eosinophils are associated with inflammation in COVID-19, and anti-Siglec-8 antibodies could be a potential therapeutic approach for reducing excessive inflammation during viral infections.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Article Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

The estimations of the COVID-19 incubation period: A scoping reviews of the literature

Nazar Zaki et al.

Summary: A review of studies estimating the incubation period of COVID-19 shows that the majority suggest an average of 7.8 days with a median of 5.01 days, aligning with the ranges proposed by the WHO and ECDC. Some authors recommend a minimum quarantine time of 14 days and consider a median time delay of 13 days between illness and mortality for estimating mortality risks. The correlation between patients' ages and the length of virus incubation remains unclear.

JOURNAL OF INFECTION AND PUBLIC HEALTH (2021)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Camostat mesylate inhibits SARS-CoV-2 activation by TMPRSS2-related proteases and its metabolite GBPA exerts antiviral activity

Markus Hoffmann et al.

Summary: The study demonstrates that Camostat mesylate and its metabolite GBPA can block the spread of SARS-CoV-2 in human lung tissue, and the related protease inhibitor Nafamostat mesylate exhibits enhanced antiviral activity.

EBIOMEDICINE (2021)

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Article Allergy

Relationship between blood eosinophil levels and COVID-19 mortality

Bingdi Yan et al.

Summary: Eosinopenia is associated with mortality in COVID-19 patients, with a progressive decline of eosinophil levels indicating a higher chance of mortality as the disease progresses. Additionally, eosinopenia correlates with biomarkers of coagulation disorder and tissue damage in organs like the kidney and liver.

WORLD ALLERGY ORGANIZATION JOURNAL (2021)

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Article Oncology

Single-Cell Expression Landscape of SARS-CoV-2 Receptor ACE2 and Host Proteases in Normal and Malignant Lung Tissues from Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma Patients

Guangchun Han et al.

Summary: This study utilized single-cell RNA sequencing of lung tissues from lung cancer patients to identify the expression profiles of ACE2 and other SARS-CoV-2-related genes, offering potential novel markers and therapeutic targets for COVID-19 management, particularly among lung cancer patients.

CANCERS (2021)

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Article Microbiology

Do Blood Eosinophils Predict in-Hospital Mortality or Severity of Disease in SARS-CoV-2 Infection? A Retrospective Multicenter Study

Pierrick Le Borgne et al.

Summary: This study focuses on the prognostic value of eosinopenia in COVID-19 patients, showing that it can predict disease severity but not mortality. The research suggests that undetectable eosinophils are indicative of disease severity in the initial management of patients.

MICROORGANISMS (2021)

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Article Health Care Sciences & Services

White Blood Cells and Severe COVID-19: A Mendelian Randomization Study

Yitang Sun et al.

Summary: The study reveals causal protective effects of higher basophil count, basophil percentage of white blood cells, and myeloid white blood cell count on severe COVID-19, but no association with COVID-19 severity or susceptibility was found. Individuals with a lower genetic capacity for basophils may be at risk, while enhancing basophil production could be an effective therapeutic strategy.

JOURNAL OF PERSONALIZED MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Novel Compounds Targeting Neuropilin Receptor 1 with Potential To Interfere with SARS-CoV-2 Virus Entry

Samantha Perez-Miller et al.

Summary: The study revealed that the Spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 enters cells through the VEGF-A binding site on NRP-1, potentially interfering with pain signal transmission. Screening nearly 500,000 compounds identified new chemical series with potential antiviral and anticancer properties.

ACS CHEMICAL NEUROSCIENCE (2021)

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Editorial Material Peripheral Vascular Disease

A Cytokine/Bradykinin Storm Comparison: What Is the Relationship Between Hypertension and COVID-19?

Stephanie A. Wilczynski et al.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HYPERTENSION (2021)

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Review Medicine, Research & Experimental

Induced dysregulation of ACE2 by SARS-CoV-2 plays a key role in COVID-19 severity

Maryam Eskandari Mehrabadi et al.

Summary: This article discusses the impact of the novel coronavirus on ACE2 substrates and products, pointing out that this imbalance exacerbates the severity of COVID-19. It proposes multiple therapeutic strategies to rebalance ACE2 products and alleviate the symptoms of the disease.

BIOMEDICINE & PHARMACOTHERAPY (2021)

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Review Immunology

Natural killer cells play an important role in virus infection control: Antiviral mechanism, subset expansion and clinical application

Wei Zuo et al.

Summary: This article explores the role of NK cells in controlling various viral infections through non-specific and specific activation, as well as the unique subset expansion in response to different viruses. It also discusses the similarities and differences among CMV, HIV, EBV, COVID19 and HBV infections in terms of NK cell antiviral mechanisms and time periods of expansion in peripheral blood and tissues. Additionally, the current clinical applications of NK-associated antiviral treatments, such as cell therapy and biological agents, are reviewed, along with the progress and future prospects of NK cell antiviral treatment.

CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Article Immunology

Activation of classical and alternative complement pathways in the pathogenesis of lung injury in COVID-19

Abhigyan Satyam et al.

Summary: Lung inflammation and damage play a significant role in COVID-19 morbidity and mortality. The deposition of complement components in the lungs of COVID-19 patients suggests the activation of classical and alternative pathways, supporting the use of complement inhibitors as a potential treatment strategy.

CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Interleukin 6, soluble interleukin 2 receptor alpha (CD25), monocyte colony-stimulating factor, and hepatocyte growth factor linked with systemic hyperinflammation, innate immunity hyperactivation, and organ damage in COVID-19 pneumonia

Luca Quartuccio et al.

Summary: In this study involving 67 hospitalized COVID-19 patients, IL-6, M-CSF, sIL-2R alpha, and HGF were found to be closely associated with respiratory insufficiency, indicating their potential involvement in the main biological processes of severe COVID-19.

CYTOKINE (2021)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Comparison of SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG seroconversion pro fi les among hospitalized patients in two US cities

Erika P. Orner et al.

Summary: The study tracked the seroconversion of IgG and IgM antibodies in 89 patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection, finding that about half of the patients developed IgG and IgM antibodies simultaneously, while some patients first developed IgM antibodies before IgG antibodies. Additionally, immunocompromised patients and those under 65 years of age had prolonged time to seroconversion for IgG and IgM.

DIAGNOSTIC MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE (2021)

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Review Immunology

Antigen-dependent multistep differentiation of T-follicular helper cells and its role in SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination

Dirk Baumjohann et al.

Summary: Tfh cells are essential for potent humoral immune responses, and their differentiation and memory maintenance are influenced by various factors, including interactions with APCs, costimulatory and coinhibitory pathways, and cytokines. Understanding the differentiation and memory maintenance of Tfh cells is crucial for a deeper understanding of immune responses and vaccine development.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Type I and III interferon responses in SARS-CoV-2 infection

You-Me Kim et al.

Summary: Researchers have reviewed how SARS-CoV-2 manipulates the immune system by inhibiting host IFN responses, leading to delayed and exaggerated inflammation, which contributes to the severity of COVID-19. Further investigations are needed to better understand the mechanisms behind these immune system dysfunctions caused by the virus.

EXPERIMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MEDICINE (2021)

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Review Immunology

Hyperinflammatory Immune Response and COVID-19: A Double Edged Sword

Li Yin Tan et al.

Summary: COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2 can lead to severe health consequences, including acute respiratory distress syndrome and multi-organ failure, through activation of inflammatory pathways and cytokine storm. Long-term effects, particularly on the brain, are of concern.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Review Immunology

Immunology, immunopathogenesis and immunotherapeutics of COVID-19; an overview

Leila Mohamed Khosroshahi et al.

Summary: COVID-19 infection, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is highly contagious and involves pulmonary inflammation and systemic immune dysregulation. Immune dysregulation may be the core pathogenic element, highlighting the importance of precise immune response management for successful treatment.

INTERNATIONAL IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY (2021)

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Review Medicine, General & Internal

Host genetic factors determining COVID-19 susceptibility and severity

Thirumalaisamy P. Velavan et al.

Summary: The COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 presents a significant challenge, with disease severity influenced by factors such as age, gender, BMI, and pre-existing conditions. Host genetic predisposition is increasingly recognized, with numerous genetic variants associated with susceptibility and severity of COVID-19.

EBIOMEDICINE (2021)

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Article Virology

SARS-CoV-2 ORF9b antagonizes type I and III interferons by targeting multiple components of the RIG-I/MDA-5-MAVS, TLR3-TRIF, and cGAS-STING signaling pathways

Lulu Han et al.

Summary: The SARS-CoV-2 ORF9b protein inhibits the production of type I and type III interferons by targeting multiple molecules of innate antiviral signaling pathways, thus facilitating viral replication.

JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY (2021)

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Editorial Material Immunology

Immunity after SARS-CoV-2 infections

Prasanna Jagannathan et al.

Summary: Studies suggest that infected individuals develop robust and long-lasting T cell immunity, which has implications for immune durability and future vaccine development.

NATURE IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Article Immunology

TLR2 senses the SARS-CoV-2 envelope protein to produce inflammatory cytokines

Min Zheng et al.

Summary: The study revealed that the envelope protein of SARS-CoV-2 is sensed by TLR2, leading to the production of inflammatory cytokines, and the severity of the disease is associated with the expression of TLR2 and MYD88. The findings demonstrate the critical role of TLR2 signaling in promoting proinflammatory cytokine production during coronavirus infection, providing new insights for therapeutic strategies against the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.

NATURE IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Article Immunology

RIG-I triggers a signaling-abortive anti-SARS-CoV-2 defense in human lung cells

Taisho Yamada et al.

Summary: Efficient immune responses against viral infection are determined by sufficient activation of nucleic acid sensor-mediated innate immunity. RIG-I plays a distinctive role as a restraining factor in the early phase of SARS-CoV-2 infection in human lung cells by recognizing the 3' untranslated region of the viral genome and inhibiting viral replication.

NATURE IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Review Immunology

Eosinophils and COVID-19: diagnosis, prognosis, and vaccination strategies

Helene F. Rosenberg et al.

Summary: The COVID-19 pandemic has had an unprecedented impact globally, prompting significant research into various aspects of the disease, including the potential use of eosinopenia as a factor for diagnosis and prognosis of severe cases. However, this finding is not definitive and patients with eosinophil-associated conditions do not appear to be at higher risk for severe illness. Additionally, there have been no reported complications related to eosinophil accumulation in response to mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines, despite observations in preclinical studies targeting related pathogens.

SEMINARS IN IMMUNOPATHOLOGY (2021)

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Article Virology

The Spike Glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 Binds to β1 Integrins Expressed on the Surface of Lung Epithelial Cells

Eun Jeong Park et al.

Summary: Experimental evidence shows that beta 1 integrins, predominantly expressed on human pulmonary epithelial cells and primary mouse alveolar epithelial cells, can bind to the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 independently of ACE2, suggesting the possibility that beta 1 integrins may serve as an alternative receptor for the virus and could be a target for prevention of viral infections.

VIRUSES-BASEL (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Identification and characterization of a SARS-CoV-2 specific CD8+ T cell response with immunodominant features

Anastasia Gangaev et al.

Summary: This study identified a range of SARS-CoV-2 CD8(+) T cell responses across COVID-19 patients, including an epitope from ORF1ab with immunodominant features. The specific CD8(+) T cell responses can still be detectable up to 5 months after recovery from critical and severe disease, converting from dysfunctional effector cells to functional memory cells during convalescence.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Neutralizing antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in symptomatic COVID-19 is persistent and critical for survival

Stefania Dispinseri et al.

Summary: The study reveals that antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein play a significant role in neutralization and protection against severe COVID-19, unaffected by heterologous boosting or common cold immunity, and can last for up to 8 months.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Complement C3 identified as a unique risk factor for disease severity among young COVID-19 patients in Wuhan, China

Weiting Cheng et al.

Summary: It is essential to understand the disease-specific characteristics of young COVID-19 patients, especially given that a significant proportion of severe cases occur in individuals under 60. This study analyzed data from a single hospital in Wuhan, China, and found that elevated levels of serum amyloid A, C-reactive protein, and lactate dehydrogenase, as well as decreased lymphocyte counts, independently influence disease severity in young COVID-19 patients. Additionally, increased levels of complement C3 are a unique risk factor for adverse outcomes specific to young COVID-19 patients, with non-linear influences of risk factors on disease severity.

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS (2021)

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Review Environmental Sciences

Eco-Environmental Aspects of COVID-19 Pandemic and Potential Control Strategies

Rashid Nazir et al.

Summary: A new coronavirus strain, SARS-CoV-2, has resulted in over two million deaths globally, triggering a surge in scientific reports on epidemiology, symptoms, and diagnosis. Despite this, a comprehensive understanding of how eco-environmental factors contribute to the spread of COVID-19 is still lacking. In addition to direct human-to-human transmission, sources such as air aerosols, public use objects, and waste may also contribute to the spread of SARS-CoV-2.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH (2021)

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Article Microbiology

Extensive activation, tissue trafficking, turnover and functional impairment of NK cells in COVID-19 patients at disease onset associates with subsequent disease severity

Federica Bozzano et al.

Summary: The SARS-CoV-2 infection can lead to severe respiratory involvement (COVID-19) in 5-20% of patients due to initial immune dysregulation, intense cytokine production, and vascular leakage. NK cells play a crucial role in controlling early virus replication and regulating adaptive responses, but their dysregulation in COVID-19 is not well understood. This study found that NK cell activation, trafficking, and the presence of certain cell subsets are associated with disease progression and may offer insights for future therapeutic strategies.

PLOS PATHOGENS (2021)

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Article Immunology

Immune Profile in Patients With COVID-19: Lymphocytes Exhaustion Markers in Relationship to Clinical Outcome

Anna Bobcakova et al.

Summary: Immune parameters such as lymphocyte depletion and exhaustion of immune cell subsets can help predict the outcomes and severity of COVID-19. Certain markers like CD38 and PD-1 expression levels on specific immune cells may serve as potential biomarkers for poor outcomes in patients with COVID-19.

FRONTIERS IN CELLULAR AND INFECTION MICROBIOLOGY (2021)

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Article Biology

Virus-receptor interactions of SARS-CoV-2 spikereceptor-binding domain and human neuropilin-1 b1 domain

Sultan F. Alnomasy

Summary: SARS-CoV-2, a novel coronavirus, enters host cells through two receptors, ACE2 and NRP1, understanding the interaction between them is crucial for drug development against the virus.

SAUDI JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES (2021)

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Review Critical Care Medicine

Interleukin-6: obstacles to targeting a complex cytokine in critical illness

Oliver J. McElvaney et al.

Summary: IL-6 is a pleiotropic cytokine that plays a dual role in both inflammation and anti-inflammatory functions. Understanding the complex signaling processes of IL-6 is crucial for accurately interpreting its concentrations in blood or lungs, utilizing it as a critical care biomarker, and designing effective anti-IL-6 strategies.

LANCET RESPIRATORY MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Immunology

Complement Overactivation and Consumption Predicts In-Hospital Mortality in SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Gyorgy Sinkovits et al.

Summary: Uncontrolled complement activation is associated with advanced disease severity of COVID-19, with patients more likely to die when accompanied by overactivation and consumption of C3. These findings support the potential use of complement inhibitory drugs in the treatment of COVID-19.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Article Immunology

SARS-CoV-2 Induces Lymphocytopenia by Promoting Inflammation and Decimates Secondary Lymphoid Organs

Qun Xiang et al.

Summary: The study retrospectively reviewed clinical and immunological data from fatal COVID-19 cases and found severe lymphocytopenia with high levels of inflammatory cytokines. Post-mortem examinations of additional cases showed severe tissue damage and lymphocyte apoptosis in spleens and lymph nodes, where SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA accumulates, leading to lymphocytopenia. Overall, the results suggest that SARS-CoV-2 induces lymphocytopenia by promoting systemic inflammation and direct damage to human spleen and lymph nodes.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Review Medicine, General & Internal

Targeting the Complement Cascade in the Pathophysiology of COVID-19 Disease

Nicole Ng et al.

Summary: Severe coronavirus disease 2019 leads to multi-organ dysfunction mainly due to maladaptive activation of innate immune pathways and endothelial dysfunction. Clinical trials show that targeting the complement pathways is a promising therapeutic approach.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MEDICINE (2021)

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Review Oncology

RGD-Binding Integrins Revisited: How Recently Discovered Functions and Novel Synthetic Ligands (Re-)Shape an Ever-Evolving Field

Beatrice S. Ludwig et al.

Summary: Integrins have been extensively researched as therapeutic targets in the past few decades, particularly in the field of cancer. Despite clinical trials not meeting expectations yet, integrins remain promising targets due to their expression on diseased cells. To successfully translate integrin-targeted compounds into clinical practice, refined approaches and innovative treatment strategies need to be explored based on accumulated knowledge of integrin biology.

CANCERS (2021)

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Review Cell Biology

Obesity as a Risk Factor for Severe COVID-19 and Complications: A Review

Fien Demeulemeester et al.

Summary: Obesity is a major risk factor for severe complications in COVID-19, potentially leading to increased disease severity through facilitating viral entry, chronic inflammation, and coagulation dysfunction.

CELLS (2021)

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Article Cell Biology

The Systemic Immune Response in COVID-19 Is Associated with a Shift to Formyl-Peptide Unresponsive Eosinophils

Leo Koenderman et al.

Summary: Both COVID-19 and other infectious diseases show reduced blood eosinophil numbers, with COVID-19 cases exhibiting a more pronounced decrease. Eosinophils in COVID-19 patients have a similar percentage of CD11b(bright) cells before and after activation, but are refractory to fNLF activation, possibly due to migration of functional cells to tissues.

CELLS (2021)

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Article Cell Biology

Distinct uptake, amplification, and release of SARS-CoV-2 by M1 and M2 alveolar macrophages

Jiadi Lv et al.

Summary: M1 alveolar macrophages facilitate the spread and replication of SARS-CoV-2, while M2 alveolar macrophages help degrade the virus to combat infection.

CELL DISCOVERY (2021)

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Article Immunology

SARS-CoV-2 drives JAK1/2-dependent local complement hyperactivation

Bingyu Yan et al.

Summary: Patients with COVID-19 present a wide range of acute clinical manifestations, affecting the lungs, liver, kidneys, and gut. Research has found that SARS-CoV-2 infection induces high activation of the complement system intracellularly in respiratory epithelial cells, with distinct complement activation signatures in cells from patients. Combination therapy with JAK inhibitors and drugs that normalize NF-kappa B signaling could potentially have clinical application for severe COVID-19 patients, by inhibiting C3a production.

SCIENCE IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Article Immunology

Increased complement activation is a distinctive feature of severe SARS-CoV-2 infection

Lina Ma et al.

Summary: Complement activation is elevated in patients with COVID-19 and is associated with severe illness, endothelial injury, and hypercoagulability, serving as a distinctive feature of COVID-19 and providing specific targets for risk prognostication and drug discovery.

SCIENCE IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Review Immunology

Role of Inflammatory Cytokines in COVID-19 Patients: A Review on Molecular Mechanisms, Immune Functions, Immunopathology and Immunomodulatory Drugs to Counter Cytokine Storm

Ali A. Rabaan et al.

Summary: COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is a severe pandemic with unknown complications. The disease leads to a cytokine storm and severe complications like multiple organ failure, acute respiratory distress, and pneumonia. Elderly individuals are at higher risk of complications, while the survival rate is relatively higher compared to other chronic diseases.

VACCINES (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Experimental and natural evidence of SARS-CoV-2-infection-induced activation of type I interferon responses

Arinjay Banerjee et al.

Summary: Recent studies have shown that SARS-CoV-2 proteins can inhibit human type I interferon responses, and the timing and extent of interferon production are associated with COVID-19 severity. SARS-CoV-2 infection induces a type I interferon response in vitro and in moderate cases of COVID-19, with physiological levels of IFNa being sufficient to suppress SARS-CoV-2 replication in human airway cells.

ISCIENCE (2021)

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Article Biophysics

Neuropilin-1 assists SARS-CoV-2 infection by stimulating the separation of Spike protein S1 and S2

Zhen-lu Li et al.

Summary: Nrp1 plays a crucial role in the entry of SARS-CoV-2 into cells, enhancing virus infectivity by facilitating the separation of S1 and S2. The study reveals how Nrp1 affects the binding and separation of S1 and S2, providing insights for potential therapeutic interventions targeting the Nrp1-assisted viral infection mechanism.

BIOPHYSICAL JOURNAL (2021)

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Review Microbiology

Antibody and B cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination

Katharina Roltgen et al.

Summary: Human immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 have made significant progress in understanding the nature of antibody responses and their role in protecting against infection or modulating the severity of COVID-19, aiding in the development of effective vaccines. However, important questions remain unanswered regarding the duration and effectiveness of antibody responses, immunity differences between infection and vaccination, cellular basis for serological findings, and the potential impact of viral variants on current immunity.

CELL HOST & MICROBE (2021)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Perspectives on anti-IL-1 inhibitors as potential therapeutic interventions for severe COVID-19

Jie Geng et al.

Summary: The overproduction of proinflammatory cytokines, known as cytokine storm, is a key factor in severe COVID-19 pathology and a crucial cause of death. IL-1 blockade agents are being investigated as a potential treatment option to mitigate this overwhelming immune response, offering a safe and effective approach for hyperinflammatory COVID-19 patients.

CYTOKINE (2021)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

COVID-19 as a mediator of interferon deficiency and hyperinflammation: Rationale for the use of JAK1/2 inhibitors in combination with interferon

H. C. Hasselbalch et al.

Summary: Infection with the novel coronavirus leads to interferon deficiency and cytokine storm, potentially exacerbating the disease and causing organ failure. Treatment with IFN-alpha2, IFN-beta, and JAK1/2 inhibitors may be effective in combating these effects.

CYTOKINE & GROWTH FACTOR REVIEWS (2021)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Innate Immune Response to SARS-CoV-2 Infection: From Cells to Soluble Mediators

Daniela Ricci et al.

Summary: The vulnerability and unpredictability of humankind to SARS-CoV-2, coupled with its high transmissibility and tissue tropism, pose a major challenge in perpetuating the COVID-19 pandemic. However, researchers have the unique opportunity to study the immune response and its impact on disease severity, highlighting the role of innate immune cells, cytokines, and chemokines in shaping the outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Severe COVID-19 Patients Show an Increase in Soluble TNFR1 and ADAM17, with a Relationship to Mortality

Yadira Palacios et al.

Summary: The study showed that solTNFR1 and solTNFR2 levels were elevated in COVID-19 patients without increasing transcriptional levels. SolTNFR1 was higher in severe cases and had a negative correlation with C-reactive protein, suggesting it as a potential therapeutic target. SolADAM17 levels were also higher in severe conditions, with a potential association between TNFRSF1A:rs767455 polymorphism and disease severity.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2021)

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Article Allergy

Chemokines and eicosanoids fuel the hyperinflammation within the lungs of patients with severe COVID-19

Younes Zaid et al.

Summary: The study aimed to analyze and compare the presence of cytokines and lipid mediators of inflammation in the plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluids of patients with severe COVID-19. The results showed high concentrations of numerous cytokines, chemokines, and lipid mediators in the BAL fluid of patients with severe COVID-19, indicating that hyperinflammation in the lungs of these patients is fueled by excessive production of chemokines and eicosanoids.

JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Letter Health Care Sciences & Services

Long-term Persistence of Neutralizing Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 Following Infection

Juan P. Wisnivesky et al.

JOURNAL OF GENERAL INTERNAL MEDICINE (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

SARS-CoV-2 infection induces long-lived bone marrow plasma cells in humans

Jackson S. Turner et al.

Summary: The study found that individuals who had recovered from mild SARS-CoV-2 infections showed rapid decline of serum anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike protein antibodies in the first 4 months after infection, followed by a more gradual decrease over the following 7 months but remaining detectable at least 11 months after infection. This suggests that mild infection with SARS-CoV-2 can induce robust antigen-specific, long-lived humoral immune memory in humans.

NATURE (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Clinical and molecular characteristics of COVID-19 patients with persistent SARS-CoV-2 infection

Bin Yang et al.

Summary: Persistent SARS-CoV-2 infection in COVID-19 patients is associated with immune suppression and reduced expression of ribosomal protein genes, as revealed by single-cell RNA sequencing and other data analysis.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Peripheral and lung resident memory T cell responses against SARS-CoV-2

Judith Grau-Exposito et al.

Summary: The study suggests that lung resident memory T cells play a crucial role in limiting the spread of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19. Different clinical outcomes are associated with distinct virus-specific T cell responses, and the persistence of antiviral lung T-RM cells in convalescent patients may help limit reinfection.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

SARS-CoV-2 N protein promotes NLRP3 inflammasome activation to induce hyperinflammation

Pan Pan et al.

Summary: This study reveals a unique mechanism by which SARS-CoV-2 N protein promotes NLRP3 inflammasome activation, leading to excessive inflammatory responses. The interaction between N protein and NLRP3 enhances the assembly of the NLRP3 inflammasome by facilitating binding with ASC.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Twelve-month specific IgG response to SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain among COVID-19 convalescent plasma donors in Wuhan

Cesheng Li et al.

Summary: The study found that the positive rate of RBD-IgG antibody in convalescent COVID-19 patients exceeded 70% at 12 months post-diagnosis, with the RBD-IgG level decreasing over time. Male and older patients showed stronger immune responses.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Severe T cell hyporeactivity in ventilated COVID-19 patients correlates with prolonged virus persistence and poor outcomes

Kerstin Renner et al.

Summary: This study reveals the presence of T cell hyporeactivity in COVID-19 patients, predominantly influenced by plasma factors, and associated with poor prognosis and viral persistence. Monocytes in males exhibit stronger responses to COVID-19, and IL-2 can partially restore T cell activation.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Lower peripheral blood Toll-like receptor 3 expression is associated with an unfavorable outcome in severe COVID-19 patients

Maria Clara Saad Menezes et al.

Summary: This study found that in COVID-19 patients, the severe cases group had lower expression of TLR3 and overexpression of TLR4 when compared to the mild cases group.

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS (2021)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Loss-of-function mutations in IFNAR2 in COVID-19 severe infection susceptibility

Sandra P. Smieszek et al.

Summary: Recent studies have shown enrichment of mutations in genes involved in the regulation of type I and type III interferon (IFN) immunity in patients with severe COVID-19 infection, which may provide insights into the disease progression mechanisms.

JOURNAL OF GLOBAL ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE (2021)

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Review Immunology

Thromboplasminflammation in COVID-19 Coagulopathy: Three Viewpoints for Diagnostic and Therapeutic Strategies

Satoshi Gando et al.

Summary: Thromboplasminflammation in COVID-19 coagulopathy involves Ang II-induced coagulopathy, FXIIa- and kallikrein-enhanced fibrinolysis, and DIC, which all contribute to systemic inflammation through the production of inflammatory cytokines. The interplay between inflammation and serine protease networks exacerbates the pathologies of COVID-19 coagulopathy, causing microvascular thrombosis and bleeding in critically ill patients. Treatment targets include thrombin, plasmin, inflammation, and SARS-CoV-2 infection, with potential candidates for controlling these conditions.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Article Immunology

Declining Levels of Neutralizing Antibodies Against SARS-CoV-2 in Convalescent COVID-19 Patients One Year Post Symptom Onset

Tiandan Xiang et al.

Summary: One year after infection, most recovered patients still have detectable SARS-CoV-2-specific IgG antibodies, but only a minority have neutralizing activity, especially when facing specific mutated variants. This highlights the importance of vaccinations for individuals who have had a natural infection to protect against emerging variants.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Article Immunology

Macrophages and Dendritic Cells Are Not the Major Source of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines Upon SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Marc A. Niles et al.

Summary: Research indicates that mDC and macrophages are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection, but do not produce the virus and show minimal changes in activation status upon infection. Infected innate immune cells do not produce pro-inflammatory cytokines, suggesting they are unlikely to be the source of the initial wave of cytokines post-SARS-CoV-2 infection.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Review Immunology

Neutrophils and COVID-19: Active Participants and Rational Therapeutic Targets

Jon Hazeldine et al.

Summary: Approximately 20% of individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2 may progress to severe respiratory complications, with a hyperactive and dysregulated immune response potentially underpinning the development of severe disease, particularly through the involvement of neutrophils. Evaluating the number, maturity status and function of circulating neutrophils at hospital admission shows promise as a prognostic tool for early identification of patients at risk of clinical deterioration. Targeting neutrophils as a potential therapeutic strategy for severe COVID-19 warrants further investigation, given the limited specific treatments currently available.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Editorial Material Immunology

Complement control for COVID-19

Markus Bosmann

Summary: Excessive complement activation in COVID-19 contributes to lung disease and adverse patient outcomes.

SCIENCE IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Priming of SARS-CoV-2 S protein by several membrane-bound serine proteinases could explain enhanced viral infectivity and systemic COVID-19 infection

Pablo Fuentes-Prior

Summary: The COVID-19 pandemic has caused over a million deaths worldwide, and the death toll is expected to rise further before effective treatments and vaccines are available. The causative agent, SARS-CoV2, has significant differences from the previous SARS-CoV-1 and has a higher transmission rate, affecting multiple organs in addition to the lungs. Understanding the role of membrane-associated serine proteinases (MASPs) in the activation of the virus spike protein could potentially help in controlling the pandemic.

JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Neuropilins: C-end rule peptides and their association with nociception and COVID-19

Amie Jobe et al.

Summary: Viral internalization is facilitated by host cell surface receptors, with SARS-CoV-2 using ACE2 as its primary receptor and recently discovered NRP-1 acting as an additional receptor. The binding of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to NRP-1 enhances viral infection, highlighting its role in viral entry and pathogenesis.

COMPUTATIONAL AND STRUCTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL (2021)

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Article Cell Biology

Longitudinal analysis shows durable and broad immune memory after SARS-CoV-2 infection with persisting antibody responses and memory B and T cells

Kristen W. Cohen et al.

Summary: The study reveals that COVID-19 patients have durable broad-based immune responses, including the continuous generation of antibodies, memory B cells, and polyfunctional T cells, which help to rapidly generate antibody responses against virus re-exposure or vaccination.

CELL REPORTS MEDICINE (2021)

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Review Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Rapid review of transmission of SARS-CoV-2 by contact with objects and surfaces

David Barrera-Nunez et al.

Summary: The virus can survive on different inanimate surfaces and potentially contaminate objects used by infected individuals. Alcohol, 2-propanol, chlorine, and soap are effective in deactivating the virus. There is limited evidence on cases and outbreaks transmitted through indirect contact.

SALUD PUBLICA DE MEXICO (2021)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

The signal pathways and treatment of cytokine storm in COVID-19

Lan Yang et al.

Summary: The COVID-19 pandemic is a global crisis with devastating effects, where immunopathology plays a crucial role in disease progression, particularly the cytokine storm which has a significant impact on prognosis. Understanding and targeting the pathways involved in cytokine storm could lead to more effective treatment strategies for COVID-19.

SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION AND TARGETED THERAPY (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Dynamics of neutralizing antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in patients with COVID-19: an observational study

Xin Xu et al.

Summary: According to a study in Hubei, China, the dynamics of neutralizing antibody (NAbs) response to SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 patients showed that NAbs seroconversion occurred at around 5.5 days post onset, with a positivity rate of 52% within the first week, reaching 100% by the third week, and maintaining above 97% for up to 6 months. NAbs peaked in the fourth week and were positively associated with disease severity and age, while inversely associated with serum albumin levels. The half-life of NAbs was 61 days within the first two months, which then slowed to 104 days afterward.

SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION AND TARGETED THERAPY (2021)

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Review Hematology

Role of Tissue Factor in the Pathogenesis of COVID-19 and the Possible Ways to Inhibit It

Carlos A. Canas et al.

Summary: COVID-19 is a highly contagious infection with high mortality rates, especially in elderly, heart failure patients, hypertension patients, diabetes patients, and smokers. It is associated with increased expression of ACE-2, leading to severe lung involvement and microvascular thrombosis. Therapeutic strategies are being developed to target TF for COVID-19-associated coagulopathy.

CLINICAL AND APPLIED THROMBOSIS-HEMOSTASIS (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Cathepsin L plays a key role in SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans and humanized mice and is a promising target for new drug development

Miao-Miao Zhao et al.

Summary: CTSL plays a crucial role in COVID-19 patients, with its levels positively correlated with disease severity. Research showed that CTSL promotes SARS-CoV-2 virus entry into cells, and the CTSL inhibitor amantadine can inhibit this process, providing a direction for the development of new anti-COVID-19 drugs.

SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION AND TARGETED THERAPY (2021)

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Article Rheumatology

Interleukin-1 and interleukin-6 inhibition compared with standard management in patients with COVID-19 and hyperinflammation: a cohort study

Giulio Cavalli et al.

Summary: IL-1 inhibition was associated with reduced mortality in patients with COVID-19 and hyperinflammation, while IL-6 inhibition showed effectiveness in patients with high C-reactive protein concentrations. Both IL-1 and IL-6 inhibition were effective in patients with low lactate dehydrogenase concentrations.

LANCET RHEUMATOLOGY (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Unique and complementary suppression of cGAS-STING and RNA sensing- triggered innate immune responses by SARS-CoV-2 proteins

Yajuan Rui et al.

Summary: The study identified SARS-CoV-2 structural proteins, accessory proteins, and the main viral protease as potent inhibitors of host innate immune responses of distinct pathways. Main viral protease was found to inhibit both the RLR and cGAS-STING pathways, while ORF3a had the unique ability to inhibit STING and structural protein N was a unique RLR inhibitor.

SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION AND TARGETED THERAPY (2021)

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Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

Persistence of SARS-CoV-2-specific B and T cell responses in convalescent COVID-19 patients 6-8 months after the infection

Natalia Sherina et al.

Summary: The study shows that 85% of samples from COVID-19 patients had anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies within 4 weeks of symptom onset, while specific IgG antibodies and plasma neutralizing activities remained relatively stable up to 6 months after diagnosis. 80% of samples collected at 6-8 months after symptom onset still had anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies, and specific memory B and T cell responses continued to develop and persist.

MED (2021)

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Review Physiology

Between two storms, vasoactive peptides or bradykinin underlie severity of COVID-19?

Vardan T. Karamyan

Summary: COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, is a global pandemic with significant socioeconomic impact. Inflammation is a major cause of complications, with studies focusing on pro-inflammatory cytokines and recently emerging peptide bradykinin as primary mechanisms. Besides bradykinin, substance P and neurotensin may also drive disease severity, and simultaneous inhibition of all three peptidergic systems could be therapeutically advantageous.

PHYSIOLOGICAL REPORTS (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Humoral immune responses and neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2; implications in pathogenesis and protective immunity

Jorge Carrillo et al.

Summary: The magnitude and quality of humoral responses to SARS-CoV-2 are associated with clinical outcomes, with different individuals showing variable responses. Rapid production of antibodies, including neutralizing antibodies, against viral proteins like the Spike glycoprotein, targeting the receptor binding domain (RBD), is crucial for protection and vaccine development. Duration of humoral responses and possible transient immunity remain unknown, with cases of reinfection reported.

BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

T-cell dysregulation in COVID-19

Bahire Kalfaoglu et al.

Summary: Research indicates that T-cells play crucial roles in the immunity to COVID-19, with dysregulation noted in severe cases. The impairment of FOXP3 induction in CD4(+) T-cells may lead to abnormal T-cell responses, while hyperactivated T-cells could potentially contribute to dysregulation and tissue destruction in severe COVID-19 patients.

BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS (2021)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

SARS-CoV-2 spike protein S1 subunit induces pro-inflammatory responses via toll-like receptor 4 signaling in murine and human macrophages

Ken Shirato et al.

Summary: Research has shown that the spike protein S1 subunit of SARS-CoV-2 activates TLR4 signaling to induce pro-inflammatory responses in murine and human macrophages, suggesting that TLR4 signaling in macrophages may be a potential target for regulating excessive inflammation in COVID-19 patients.

HELIYON (2021)

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Review Immunology

How could we forget immunometabolism in SARS-CoV2 infection or COVID-19?

Vijay Kumar

Summary: The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact globally, with the immune system playing a crucial role in disease severity, particularly affecting older individuals and those with comorbidities. Protective antibodies produced by patients are not long-lasting, and therapeutic interventions may focus on regulating immunometabolism.

INTERNATIONAL REVIEWS OF IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Characterization of pre-existing and induced SARS-CoV-2-specific CD8+ T cells

Isabel Schulien et al.

Summary: The study found that SARS-CoV-2 infection induces and forms functionally competent memory CD8(+) T cell responses, which can persist in some SARS-CoV-2 convalescent individuals. Even in the absence of virus-specific antibodies, these virus epitope-specific CD8(+) T cell responses are induced following infection.

NATURE MEDICINE (2021)

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Review Microbiology

Coronavirus biology and replication: implications for SARS-CoV-2

Philip V'kovski et al.

Summary: This review discusses key aspects of coronavirus biology and their implications for SARS-CoV-2 infections, treatment, and prevention strategies. Understanding virus-host interactions at the molecular level is crucial for developing effective intervention strategies. Summarizing the discoveries of SARS-CoV-2 infection and comparing it with other coronaviruses will support future preparedness and combat strategies.

NATURE REVIEWS MICROBIOLOGY (2021)

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Article Cell & Tissue Engineering

Cell-Based Therapy for Severe COVID-19 Patients: Clinical Trials and Cost-Utility

Ali Golchin

Summary: The race to develop effective vaccines and therapeutics for COVID-19 is ongoing, with cell-based therapies showing promising outcomes. Various types of cells like MSCs, NK cells, dendritic cells, SARS-CoV2 specific T cells, and MSC-derived exosomes hold great promise for treating COVID-19. While the cost of cell therapy may impact clinical approaches, there is hope that the high cost will decrease, making cellular therapy more accessible for treating viral diseases like COVID-19.

STEM CELL REVIEWS AND REPORTS (2021)

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Article Cell & Tissue Engineering

SARS-CoV-2 Entry Receptor ACE2 Is Expressed on Very Small CD45-Precursors of Hematopoietic and Endothelial Cells and in Response to Virus Spike Protein Activates the Nlrp3 Inflammasome

Mariusz Z. Ratajczak et al.

Summary: ACE2 is a key player in the RAAS system and serves as the entry receptor for SARS-CoV-2. It is expressed on a specific type of stem cells in human umbilical cord blood, raising concerns about potential virus infection and damage. Interaction of ACE2 with SARS-CoV-2 spike protein activates Nlrp3 inflammasome in stem cells, indicating possible adverse effects on tissue/organ regeneration.

STEM CELL REVIEWS AND REPORTS (2021)

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Review Neurosciences

Neurobiology of SARS-CoV-2 interactions with the peripheral nervous system: implications for COVID-19 and pain

Amelia J. McFarland et al.

Summary: COVID-19 infection interacts with the peripheral nervous system to induce pain through multiple potential mechanisms, including direct and indirect effects on neuronal excitability to promote and worsen pain states.

PAIN REPORTS (2021)

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Review Immunology

RGD-binding integrins and TGF-beta in SARS-CoV-2 infections - novel targets to treat COVID-19 patients?

Ingrid Carvacho et al.

Summary: The new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 is a global pandemic and a severe public health crisis with high contagion and fatality rates, especially among elderly and patients with underlying medical conditions. Targeting RGD-binding integrins may help inhibit viral cell infection and block TGF-beta activation, potentially affecting the severity of various human pathologies. The correlation between ACE2 and TGF-beta expression and potential consequences for severe COVID-19 infections have also been discussed, along with the use of approved drugs or drugs in clinical trials targeting these mechanisms for COVID-19 treatment.

CLINICAL & TRANSLATIONAL IMMUNOLOGY (2021)

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Article Physiology

High-dimensional single-cell analysis reveals the immune characteristics of COVID-19

Wen Shi et al.

Summary: This study utilized single-cell mass cytometry to explore the peripheral cellular profiles of COVID-19 patients, revealing alterations in immune cell subsets, including CD4(+) T-cell depletion and dysregulation of monocyte populations induced by the virus.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LUNG CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY (2021)

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Review Medicine, General & Internal

DCs-based therapies: potential strategies in severe SARS-CoV-2 infection

Jian Han et al.

Summary: This article discusses the importance of the immune system in infections caused by the novel coronavirus, with a focus on the crucial role of dendritic cells in treating coronavirus infections, and suggests that dendritic cell-based therapeutic approaches may be a potential strategy.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES (2021)

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Review Medicine, Research & Experimental

Immunopathogenesis and treatment of cytokine storm in COVID-19

Jae Seok Kim et al.

Summary: Severe COVID-19 is characterized by systemic hyper-inflammation and cytokine storm, often leading to acute respiratory distress syndrome and multiple organ failure. Treatment of COVID-19 cytokine storm is crucial, with anti-inflammatory therapies playing a significant role. Various approaches are being used, including new cytokine-targeted therapies, to address the cytokine storm associated with COVID-19.

THERANOSTICS (2021)

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Article Anatomy & Morphology

Role of CD147 (EMMPRIN/Basigin) in Tissue Remodeling

Damien Guindolet et al.

ANATOMICAL RECORD-ADVANCES IN INTEGRATIVE ANATOMY AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY (2020)

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Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

Apelin directs endothelial cell differentiation and vascular repair following immune-mediated injury

Andrew G. Masoud et al.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION (2020)

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Histamine pharmacology: from Sir Henry Dale to the 21st century

Ekaterini Tiligada et al.

BRITISH JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY (2020)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Structure analysis of the receptor binding of 2019-nCoV

Yun Chen et al.

BIOCHEMICAL AND BIOPHYSICAL RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS (2020)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Apelin/APJ system: an emerging therapeutic target for respiratory diseases

Jialong Yan et al.

CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR LIFE SCIENCES (2020)

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Editorial Material Gastroenterology & Hepatology

COVID-19: Gastrointestinal Manifestations and Potential Fecal-Oral Transmission

Jinyang Gu et al.

GASTROENTEROLOGY (2020)

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Review Virology

Coronavirus infections and immune responses

Geng Li et al.

JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY (2020)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China

Chaolin Huang et al.

LANCET (2020)

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Editorial Material Oncology

Cancer patients in SARS-CoV-2 infection: a nationwide analysis in China

Wenhua Liang et al.

LANCET ONCOLOGY (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin

Peng Zhou et al.

NATURE (2020)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019

Na Zhu et al.

NEW ENGLAND JOURNAL OF MEDICINE (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Cryo-EM structure of the 2019-nCoV spike in the prefusion conformation

Daniel Wrapp et al.

SCIENCE (2020)

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Article Biology

Clinical and biochemical indexes from 2019-nCoV infected patients linked to viral loads and lung injury

Yingxia Liu et al.

SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES (2020)

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Article Microbiology

Functional assessment of cell entry and receptor usage for SARS-CoV-2 and other lineage B betacoronaviruses

Michael Letko et al.

NATURE MICROBIOLOGY (2020)

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Article Microbiology

The species Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: classifying 2019-nCoV and naming it SARS-CoV-2

Alexander E. Gorbalenya et al.

NATURE MICROBIOLOGY (2020)

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Editorial Material Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Evidence of the COVID-19 Virus Targeting the CNS: Tissue Distribution, Host-Virus Interaction, and Proposed Neurotropic Mechanisms

Abdul Mannan Baig et al.

ACS CHEMICAL NEUROSCIENCE (2020)

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Targeting Neprilysin (NEP) pathways: A potential new hope to defeat COVID-19 ghost

Manar Mohammed El Tabaa et al.

BIOCHEMICAL PHARMACOLOGY (2020)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Imbalanced Host Response to SARS-CoV-2 Drives Development of COVID-19

Daniel Blanco-Melo et al.

CELL (2020)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 Infections in Engineered Human Tissues Using Clinical-Grade Soluble Human ACE2

Vanessa Monteil et al.

CELL (2020)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Structure, Function, and Antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein

Alexandra C. Walls et al.

CELL (2020)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry Depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and Is Blocked by a Clinically Proven Protease Inhibitor

Markus Hoffmann et al.

CELL (2020)

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Editorial Material Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

COVID-19 infection: the perspectives on immune responses

Yufang Shi et al.

CELL DEATH AND DIFFERENTIATION (2020)

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Article Microbiology

Heightened Innate Immune Responses in the Respiratory Tract of COVID-19 Patients

Zhuo Zhou et al.

CELL HOST & MICROBE (2020)

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Article Microbiology

Complex Immune Dysregulation in COVID-19 Patients with Severe Respiratory Failure

Evangelos J. Giamarellos-Bourboulis et al.

CELL HOST & MICROBE (2020)

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Review Microbiology

Type I and Type III Interferons - Induction, Signaling, Evasion, and Application to Combat COVID-19

Annsea Park et al.

CELL HOST & MICROBE (2020)

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Editorial Material Immunology

NKG2A and COVID-19: another brick in the wall

Luca Antonioli et al.

CELLULAR & MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY (2020)

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Letter Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Extremely High Incidence of Lower Extremity Deep Venous Thrombosis in 48 Patients With Severe COVID-19 in Wuhan

Bin Ren et al.

CIRCULATION (2020)

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Editorial Material Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Substituting Angiotensin-(1-7) to Prevent Lung Damage in SARS-CoV-2 Infection?

Concepcion Peiro et al.

CIRCULATION (2020)

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Review Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2: SARS-CoV-2 Receptor and Regulator of the Renin-Angiotensin System Celebrating the 20th Anniversary of the Discovery of ACE2

Mahmoud Gheblawi et al.

CIRCULATION RESEARCH (2020)

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Article Immunology

Detectable Serum Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Viral Load (RNAemia) Is Closely Correlated With Drastically Elevated Interleukin 6 Level in Critically Ill Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019

Xiaohua Chen et al.

CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2020)

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Article Immunology

Dysregulation of Immune Response in Patients With Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) in Wuhan, China

Chuan Qin et al.

CLINICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2020)

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Article Infectious Diseases

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 RNA contamination of inanimate surfaces and virus viability in a health care emergency unit

M. Colaneri et al.

CLINICAL MICROBIOLOGY AND INFECTION (2020)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Probable Pangolin Origin of SARS-CoV-2 Associated with the COVID-19 Outbreak

Tao Zhang et al.

CURRENT BIOLOGY (2020)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

COVID-19 cytokine storm: The anger of inflammation

Mehdi Mahmudpour et al.

CYTOKINE (2020)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

The cytokine storm in COVID-19: An overview of the involvement of the chemokine/chemokine-receptor system

Francesca Coperchini et al.

CYTOKINE & GROWTH FACTOR REVIEWS (2020)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

IL-6: Relevance for immunopathology of SARS-CoV-2

E. O. Gubernatorova et al.

CYTOKINE & GROWTH FACTOR REVIEWS (2020)

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Article Respiratory System

Serology characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 infection after exposure and post-symptom onset

Bin Lou et al.

EUROPEAN RESPIRATORY JOURNAL (2020)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

A hypothesized role for dysregulated bradykinin signaling in COVID-19 respiratory complications

Joseph A. Roche et al.

FASEB JOURNAL (2020)

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Article Immunology

Potent binding of 2019 novel coronavirus spike protein by a SARS coronavirus-specific human monoclonal antibody

Xiaolong Tian et al.

EMERGING MICROBES & INFECTIONS (2020)

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Article Immunology

Genomic characterization of the 2019 novel human-pathogenic coronavirus isolated from a patient with atypical pneumonia after visiting Wuhan

Jasper Fuk-Woo Chan et al.

EMERGING MICROBES & INFECTIONS (2020)

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Review Cell Biology

Histamine and histidine decarboxylase: Immunomodulatory functions and regulatory mechanisms

Takashi Moriguchi et al.

GENES TO CELLS (2020)

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Review Peripheral Vascular Disease

Interactions of coronaviruses with ACE2, angiotensin II, and RAS inhibitors-lessons from available evidence and insights into COVID-19

Hisashi Kai et al.

HYPERTENSION RESEARCH (2020)

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Article Immunology

Detection of SARS-CoV-2-Specific Humoral and Cellular Immunity in COVID-19 Convalescent Individuals

Ling Ni et al.

IMMUNITY (2020)

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Review Immunology

SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines: Status Report

Fatima Amanat et al.

IMMUNITY (2020)

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Article Critical Care Medicine

High risk of thrombosis in patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 infection: a multicenter prospective cohort study

Julie Helms et al.

INTENSIVE CARE MEDICINE (2020)

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Review Allergy

JAK Inhibition as a New Treatment Strategy for Patients with COVID-19

Farhad Seif et al.

INTERNATIONAL ARCHIVES OF ALLERGY AND IMMUNOLOGY (2020)

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Review Immunology

Bradykinin receptors: Agonists, antagonists, expression, signaling, and adaptation to sustained stimulation

Francois Marceau et al.

INTERNATIONAL IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY (2020)

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Article Oncology

Pan-cancer analysis of transmembrane protease serine 2 and cathepsin L that mediate cellular SARS-CoV-2 infection leading to COVID-19

Periklis Katopodis et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY (2020)

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Article Allergy

Type I IFN immunoprofiling in COVID-19 patients

Sophie Trouillet-Assant et al.

JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY (2020)

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Article Allergy

Eosinophil responses during COVID-19 infections and coronavirus vaccination

Andrew W. Lindsley et al.

JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY (2020)

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Article Allergy

Plasma IP-10 and MCP-3 levels are highly associated with disease severity and predict the progression of COVID-19

Yang Yang et al.

JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY (2020)

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Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

Clinical and immunological features of severe and moderate coronavirus disease 2019

Guang Chen et al.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION (2020)

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Article Immunology

COVID-19 and emerging viral infections: The case for interferon lambda

Ludmila Prokunina-Olsson et al.

JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE (2020)

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Review Immunology

Targeting potential drivers of COVID-19: Neutrophil extracellular traps

Betsy J. Barnes et al.

JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Cell entry mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2

Jian Shang et al.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2020)

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Editorial Material Multidisciplinary Sciences

Cytokine release syndrome in severe COVID-19

John B. Moore et al.

SCIENCE (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

A noncompeting pair of human neutralizing antibodies block COVID-19 virus binding to its receptor ACE2

Yan Wu et al.

SCIENCE (2020)

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Editorial Material Virology

DC/L-SIGNs of hope in the COVID-19 pandemic

Adam Brufsky et al.

JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY (2020)

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Article Virology

In silico studies on the comparative characterization of the interactions of SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein with ACE-2 receptor homologs and human TLRs

Abhigyan Choudhury et al.

JOURNAL OF MEDICAL VIROLOGY (2020)

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Article Immunology

Age-dependent involvement of gut mast cells and histamine in post-stroke inflammation

Maria Pilar Blasco et al.

JOURNAL OF NEUROINFLAMMATION (2020)

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Article Medical Laboratory Technology

Complement associated microvascular injury and thrombosis in the pathogenesis of severe COVID-19 infection: A report of five cases

Cynthia Magro et al.

TRANSLATIONAL RESEARCH (2020)

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Article Oncology

Patients with Cancer Appear More Vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2: A Multicenter Study during the COVID-19 Outbreak

Mengyuan Dai et al.

CANCER DISCOVERY (2020)

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Review Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

An update on SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 with particular reference to its clinical pathology, pathogenesis, immunopathology and mitigation strategies

Kuldeep Dhama et al.

TRAVEL MEDICINE AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE (2020)

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Review Medicine, General & Internal

Gastrointestinal and liver manifestations in patients with COVID-19

I-Cheng Lee et al.

JOURNAL OF THE CHINESE MEDICAL ASSOCIATION (2020)

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Article Biology

Kallikrein-kinin blockade in patients with COVID-19 to prevent acute respiratory distress syndrome

Frank L. van de Veerdonk et al.

ELIFE (2020)

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Letter Medicine, General & Internal

COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression

Puja Mehta et al.

LANCET (2020)

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Letter Critical Care Medicine

COVID-19 cytokine storm: the interplay between inflammation and coagulation

Ricardo J. Jose et al.

LANCET RESPIRATORY MEDICINE (2020)

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Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

Expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and proteases in COVID-19 patients: A potential role of cellular FURIN in the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2

Kinan Drak Alsibai

MEDICAL HYPOTHESES (2020)

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Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

Novel therapeutic targets for SARS-CoV-2-induced acute lung injury: targeting a potential IL-1β/Neutrophil Extracellular Traps feedback loop

Ahmed Yaqinuddin et al.

MEDICAL HYPOTHESES (2020)

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Review Immunology

Innate Immune Signaling and Proteolytic Pathways in the Resolution or Exacerbation of SARS-CoV-2 in Covid-19: Key Therapeutic Targets?

Jean-Michel Sallenave et al.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2020)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

A Multibasic Cleavage Site in the Spike Protein of SARS-CoV-2 Is Essential for Infection of Human Lung Cells

Markus Hoffmann et al.

MOLECULAR CELL (2020)

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Review Medicine, General & Internal

Hypertension, Thrombosis, Kidney Failure, and Diabetes: Is COVID-19 an Endothelial Disease? A Comprehensive Evaluation of Clinical and Basic Evidence

Celestino Sardu et al.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MEDICINE (2020)

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Review Cell Biology

An Overview on ERAP Roles in Infectious Diseases

Irma Saulle et al.

CELLS (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Structure of the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain bound to the ACE2 receptor

Jun Lan et al.

NATURE (2020)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Single-cell landscape of bronchoalveolar immune cells in patients with COVID-19

Mingfeng Liao et al.

NATURE MEDICINE (2020)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

SARS-CoV-2 entry factors are highly expressed in nasal epithelial cells together with innate immune genes

Waradon Sungnak et al.

NATURE MEDICINE (2020)

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Article Immunology

TMPRSS2 and TMPRSS4 promote SARS-CoV-2 infection of human small intestinal enterocytes

Ruochen Zang et al.

SCIENCE IMMUNOLOGY (2020)

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Molecular immune pathogenesis and diagnosis of COVID-19

Xiaowei Li et al.

JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL ANALYSIS (2020)

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Article Public, Environmental & Occupational Health

Does COVID-19 Spread Through Droplets Alone?

Thushara Galbadage et al.

FRONTIERS IN PUBLIC HEALTH (2020)

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Editorial Material Medicine, Research & Experimental

Dysfunctional Coagulation in COVID-19: From Cell to Bedside

Jie Wang et al.

ADVANCES IN THERAPY (2020)

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Article Allergy

Distribution of ACE2, CD147, CD26, and other SARS-CoV-2 associated molecules in tissues and immune cells in health and in asthma, COPD, obesity, hypertension, and COVID-19 risk factors

Urszula Radzikowska et al.

ALLERGY (2020)

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Review Hematology

COVID-19-driven endothelial damage: complement, HIF-1, and ABL2 are potential pathways of damage and targets for cure

Monia Marchetti

ANNALS OF HEMATOLOGY (2020)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

The potential of JAK/STAT pathway inhibition by ruxolitinib in the treatment of COVID-19

Bakiye Goker Bagca et al.

CYTOKINE & GROWTH FACTOR REVIEWS (2020)

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Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

Molecular Alterations Prompted by SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Induction of Hyaluronan, Glycosaminoglycan and Mucopolysaccharide Metabolism

Sergio Andonegui-Elguera et al.

ARCHIVES OF MEDICAL RESEARCH (2020)

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Review Immunology

The Role of Cytokines including Interleukin-6 in COVID-19 induced Pneumonia and Macrophage Activation Syndrome-Like Disease

Dennis McGonagle et al.

AUTOIMMUNITY REVIEWS (2020)

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Article Environmental Sciences

Airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2: The world should face the reality

Lidia Morawska et al.

ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL (2020)

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Article Biochemical Research Methods

Application of System Biology to Explore the Association of Neprilysin, Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2), and Carbonic Anhydrase (CA) in Pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2

Reza Zolfaghari Emameh et al.

BIOLOGICAL PROCEDURES ONLINE (2020)

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Article Hematology

Neutrophil extracellular traps contribute to immunothrombosis in COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome

Elizabeth A. Middleton et al.

BLOOD (2020)

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Review Oncology

Cancer and COVID-19: Unmasking their ties

A. Addeo et al.

CANCER TREATMENT REVIEWS (2020)

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Review Peripheral Vascular Disease

Renin-Angiotensin System Blockers and the COVID-19 Pandemic At Present There Is No Evidence to Abandon Renin-Angiotensin System Blockers

A. H. Jan Danser et al.

HYPERTENSION (2020)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Severe COVID-19 Is Marked by a Dysregulated Myeloid Cell Compartment

Jonas Schulte-Schrepping et al.

CELL (2020)

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Letter Immunology

Identification of druggable inhibitory immune checkpoints on Natural Killer cells in COVID-19

Olivier Demaria et al.

CELLULAR & MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY (2020)

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Article Immunology

Acute SARS-CoV-2 Infection Impairs Dendritic Cell and T Cell Responses

Runhong Zhou et al.

IMMUNITY (2020)

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Review Immunology

Lessons for COVID-19 Immunity from Other Coronavirus Infections

Alan Sariol et al.

IMMUNITY (2020)

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Article Immunology

Next-Generation Sequencing of T and B Cell Receptor Repertoires from COVID-19 Patients Showed Signatures Associated with Severity of Disease

Christoph Schultheiss et al.

IMMUNITY (2020)

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Review Immunology

COVID 19: a clue from innate immunity

Domenico Birra et al.

IMMUNOLOGIC RESEARCH (2020)

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Review Infectious Diseases

From SARS to SARS-CoV-2, insights on structure, pathogenicity and immunity aspects of pandemic human coronaviruses

Nikhil Kirtipal et al.

INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION (2020)

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Article Biology

A mechanistic model and therapeutic interventions for COVID-19 involving a RAS-mediated bradykinin storm

Michael R. Garvin et al.

ELIFE (2020)

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Review Immunology

Participation of the IL-10RB Related Cytokines, IL-22 and IFN-λ in Defense of the Airway Mucosal Barrier

Danielle Ahn et al.

FRONTIERS IN CELLULAR AND INFECTION MICROBIOLOGY (2020)

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Review Immunology

Flattening the COVID-19 Curve With Natural Killer Cell Based Immunotherapies

Marisa Market et al.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2020)

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Review Immunology

Biology of Interleukin-17 and Its Pathophysiological Significance in Sepsis

Yun Ge et al.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2020)

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Review Immunology

Overview of Immune Response During SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Lessons From the Past

Vibhuti Kumar Shah et al.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2020)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Ultra-High-Throughput Clinical Proteomics Reveals Classifiers of COVID-19 Infection

Christoph B. Messner et al.

CELL SYSTEMS (2020)

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Review Infectious Diseases

Role of Monocytes/Macrophages in Covid-19 Pathogenesis: Implications for Therapy

Jose Gomez-Rial et al.

INFECTION AND DRUG RESISTANCE (2020)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Alveolar macrophage dysfunction and cytokine storm in the pathogenesis of two severe COVID-19 patients

Chaofu Wang et al.

EBIOMEDICINE (2020)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Intracellular autoactivation of TMPRSS11A, an airway epithelial transmembrane serine protease

Ce Zhang et al.

JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY (2020)

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Article Cell Biology

Neutrophils and Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Drive Necroinflammation in COVID-19

Bhawna Tomar et al.

CELLS (2020)

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Review Geriatrics & Gerontology

Severe COVID-19 and aging: are monocytes the key?

Brandt D. Pence

GEROSCIENCE (2020)

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Article Immunology

Phenotype and kinetics of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells in COVID-19 patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome

Daniela Weiskopf et al.

SCIENCE IMMUNOLOGY (2020)

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Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

Severe immunosuppression and not a cytokine storm characterizes COVID-19 infections

Kenneth E. Remy et al.

JCI INSIGHT (2020)

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Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

The laboratory tests and host immunity of COVID-19 patients with different severity of illness

Feng Wang et al.

JCI INSIGHT (2020)

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Review Medicine, Research & Experimental

The complement system in COVID-19: friend and foe?

Anuja Java et al.

JCI INSIGHT (2020)

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Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

Impaired immune cell cytotoxicity in severe COVID-19 is IL-6 dependent

Alessio Mazzoni et al.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION (2020)

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Letter Medicine, General & Internal

Venous Thrombosis Among Critically Ill Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)

Julien Nahum et al.

JAMA NETWORK OPEN (2020)

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Letter Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Lung ACE2 and ADAM17 in pulmonary arterial hypertension: Implications for COVID-19?

Francisco Perez-Vizcaino

JOURNAL OF HEART AND LUNG TRANSPLANTATION (2020)

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Article Immunology

Attenuated Interferon and Proinflammatory Response in SARS-CoV-2-Infected Human Dendritic Cells Is Associated With Viral Antagonism of STAT1 Phosphorylation

Dong Yang et al.

JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2020)

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Article Biology

TMPRSS2 and furin are both essential for proteolytic activation of SARS-CoV-2 in human airway cells

Dorothea Bestle et al.

LIFE SCIENCE ALLIANCE (2020)

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Article Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Apelin-potential therapy for COVID-19?

Seyed Soheil Saeedi Saravi et al.

JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR CARDIOLOGY (2020)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Impact of Famotidine Use on Clinical Outcomes of Hospitalized Patients With COVID-19

Jeffrey F. Mather et al.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY (2020)

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Article Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Potential role for tissue factor in the pathogenesis of hypercoagulability associated with in COVID-19

Mario Bautista-Vargas et al.

JOURNAL OF THROMBOSIS AND THROMBOLYSIS (2020)

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Article Virology

Type I and Type III IFN Restrict SARS-CoV-2 Infection of Human Airway Epithelial Cultures

Abigail Vanderheiden et al.

JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY (2020)

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Review Medicine, Research & Experimental

Innate and adaptive immune responses against coronavirus

Arezoo Hosseini et al.

BIOMEDICINE & PHARMACOTHERAPY (2020)

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Article Hematology

Direct activation of the alternative complement pathway by SARS-CoV-2 spike proteins is blocked by factor D inhibition

Jia Yu et al.

BLOOD (2020)

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Article Dentistry, Oral Surgery & Medicine

Non-infectious status indicated by detectable IgG antibody to SARS-CoV-2

David W. Denning et al.

BRITISH DENTAL JOURNAL (2020)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

SARS-CoV-2 Infection Depends on Cellular Heparan Sulfate and ACE2

Thomas Mandel Clausen et al.

CELL (2020)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Antigen-Specific Adaptive Immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in Acute COVID-19 and Associations with Age and Disease Severity

Carolyn Rydyznski Moderbacher et al.

CELL (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Association of COVID-19 inflammation with activation of the C5a-C5aR1 axis

Julien Carvelli et al.

NATURE (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Longitudinal analyses reveal immunological misfiring in severe COVID-19

Carolina Lucas et al.

NATURE (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Potent neutralizing antibodies against multiple epitopes on SARS-CoV-2 spike

Lihong Liu et al.

NATURE (2020)

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Article Immunology

Neuropilin-1 is a T cell memory checkpoint limiting long-term antitumor immunity

Chang Liu et al.

NATURE IMMUNOLOGY (2020)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

A single-cell atlas of the peripheral immune response in patients with severe COVID-19

Aaron J. Wilk et al.

NATURE MEDICINE (2020)

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Article Clinical Neurology

COVID-19, Mast Cells, Cytokine Storm, Psychological Stress, and Neuroinflammation

Duraisamy Kempuraj et al.

NEUROSCIENTIST (2020)

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Article Environmental Sciences

Imiquimod - A toll like receptor 7 agonist - Is an ideal option for management of COVID 19

Athina Angelopoulou et al.

ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH (2020)

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Article Immunology

Divergent SARS-CoV-2-specific T- and B-cell responses in severe but not mild COVID-19 patients

Anna E. Oja et al.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Deep immune profiling of COVID-19 patients reveals distinct immunotypes with therapeutic implications

Divij Mathew et al.

SCIENCE (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Impaired type I interferon activity and inflammatory responses in severe COVID-19 patients

Jerome Hadjadj et al.

SCIENCE (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Type I and III interferons disrupt lung epithelial repair during recovery from viral infection

Jack Major et al.

SCIENCE (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Type III interferons disrupt the lung epithelial barrier upon viral recognition

Achille Broggi et al.

SCIENCE (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Distinct conformational states of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein

Yongfei Cai et al.

SCIENCE (2020)

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Editorial Material Hematology

Impaired Breakdown of Bradykinin and Its Metabolites as a Possible Cause for Pulmonary Edema in COVID-19 Infection

Steven de Maat et al.

SEMINARS IN THROMBOSIS AND HEMOSTASIS (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Activation and evasion of type I interferon responses by SARS-CoV-2

Xiaobo Lei et al.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2020)

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Article Immunology

Quantitative and qualitative alterations of circulating myeloid cells and plasmacytoid DC in SARS-CoV-2 infection

Benedetta Peruzzi et al.

IMMUNOLOGY (2020)

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Letter Allergy

Pulmonary edema in COVID-19: Explained by bradykinin?

Suzanne Zwaveling et al.

JOURNAL OF ALLERGY AND CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY (2020)

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Article Immunology

Immune Alterations in a Patient with SARS-CoV-2-Related Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

Lila Bouadma et al.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY (2020)

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Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

Complement and tissue factor-enriched neutrophil extracellular traps are key drivers in COVID-19 immunothrombosis

Panagiotis Skendros et al.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION (2020)

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Article Immunology

Interleukin-17-induced neutrophil extracellular traps mediate resistance to checkpoint blockade in pancreatic cancer

Yu Zhang et al.

JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE (2020)

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Article Immunology

SARS-CoV-2-triggered neutrophil extracellular traps mediate COVID-19 pathology

Flavio Protasio Veras et al.

JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE (2020)

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Article Immunology

A Granulocytic Signature Identifies COVID-19 and Its Severity

Joana Vitte et al.

JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES (2020)

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Article Biochemical Research Methods

Generation of SARS-CoV-2 S1 Spike Glycoprotein Putative Antigenic Epitopes in Vitro by Intracellular Aminopeptidases

George Stamatakis et al.

JOURNAL OF PROTEOME RESEARCH (2020)

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Review Medicine, Research & Experimental

Tackling the cytokine storm in COVID-19, challenges and hopes

Shifaa M. Abdin et al.

LIFE SCIENCES (2020)

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Review Medicine, Research & Experimental

Contribution of monocytes and macrophages to the local tissue inflammation and cytokine storm in COVID-19: Lessons from SARS and MERS, and potential therapeutic interventions

Abdollah Jafarzadeh et al.

LIFE SCIENCES (2020)

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Review Medicine, Research & Experimental

Structural features of coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 spike protein: Targets for vaccination

Ariane Sternberg et al.

LIFE SCIENCES (2020)

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Review Medicine, Research & Experimental

Emerging role of IL-6 and NLRP3 inflammasome as potential therapeutic targets to combat COVID-19: Role of lncRNAs in cytokine storm modulation

Alireza Paniri et al.

LIFE SCIENCES (2020)

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Letter Medicine, Research & Experimental

Sodium chromo-glycate and palmitoylethanolamide: A possible strategy to treat mast cell-induced lung inflammation in COVID-19

Antonio Gigante et al.

MEDICAL HYPOTHESES (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Receptor binding and priming of the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 for membrane fusion

Donald J. Benton et al.

NATURE (2020)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

A dynamic COVID-19 immune signature includes associations with poor prognosis

Adam G. Laing et al.

NATURE MEDICINE (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

SARS-CoV-2 Orf6 hijacks Nup98 to block STAT nuclear import and antagonize interferon signaling

Lisa Miorin et al.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Neuropilin-1 is a host factor for SARS-CoV-2 infection

James L. Daly et al.

SCIENCE (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Neuropilin-1 facilitates SARS-CoV-2 cell entry and infectivity

Ludovico Cantuti-Castelvetri et al.

SCIENCE (2020)

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Review Virology

Coronavirus Infections in Companion Animals: Virology, Epidemiology, Clinical and Pathologic Features

Christine Haake et al.

VIRUSES-BASEL (2020)

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Article Microbiology

Antiviral Activity of Type I, II, and III Interferons Counterbalances ACE2 Inducibility and Restricts SARS-CoV-2

Idoia Busnadiego et al.

MBIO (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence and neutralizing activity in donor and patient blood

Dianna L. Ng et al.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2020)

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Article Virology

Natural killer cell responses to emerging viruses of zoonotic origin

Carlos Diaz-Salazar et al.

CURRENT OPINION IN VIROLOGY (2020)

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Review Critical Care Medicine

Cytokine elevation in severe and critical COVID-19: a rapid systematic review, meta-analysis, and comparison with other inflammatory syndromes

Daniel E. Leisman et al.

LANCET RESPIRATORY MEDICINE (2020)

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Article Immunology

Mast Cells in Alveolar Septa of COVID-19 Patients: A Pathogenic Pathway That May Link Interstitial Edema to Immunothrombosis

Jarbas da Silva Motta Junior et al.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2020)

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Review Immunology

ACE2/ADAM17/TMPRSS2 Interplay May Be the Main Risk Factor for COVID-19

Donato Zipeto et al.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2020)

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Article Immunology

Excessive Neutrophils and Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in COVID-19

Jun Wang et al.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2020)

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Review Medicine, General & Internal

Neutrophil Extracellular Traps and By-Products Play a Key Role in COVID-19: Pathogenesis, Risk Factors, and Therapy

Alain R. Thierry et al.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MEDICINE (2020)

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Review Cell Biology

Dendritic Cells and SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Still an Unclarified Connection

Pasquale Campana et al.

CELLS (2020)

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Article Cell Biology

SARS-CoV-2 Spike 1 Protein Controls Natural Killer Cell Activation via the HLA-E/NKG2A Pathway

Daria Bortolotti et al.

CELLS (2020)

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Article Cell Biology

A New ERAP2/Iso3 Isoform Expression Is Triggered by Different Microbial Stimuli in Human Cells. Could It Play a Role in the Modulation of SARS-CoV-2 Infection?

Irma Saulle et al.

CELLS (2020)

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Review Cell Biology

Plasma Membrane Pores Drive Inflammatory Cell Death

Benedikt Kolbrink et al.

FRONTIERS IN CELL AND DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY (2020)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

The Rationale for Angiotensin Receptor Neprilysin Inhibitors in a Multi-Targeted Therapeutic Approach to COVID-19

Alessandro Bellis et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2020)

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Review Cell Biology

COVID-19 and Neutrophils: The Relationship between Hyperinflammation and Neutrophil Extracellular Traps

Leandro Borges et al.

MEDIATORS OF INFLAMMATION (2020)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Actionable Cytopathogenic Host Responses of Human Alveolar Type 2 Cells to SARS-CoV-2

Ryan M. Hekman et al.

MOLECULAR CELL (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

SARS-CoV-2 infection induces mixed M1/M2 phenotype in circulating monocytes and alterations in both dendritic cell and monocyte subsets

Sanja Matic et al.

PLOS ONE (2020)

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Article Virology

The novel coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19): Mechanism of action, detection and recent therapeutic strategies

Elahe Seyed Hosseini et al.

VIROLOGY (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Temporal and spatial heterogeneity of host response to SARS-CoV-2 pulmonary infection

Niyati Desai et al.

NATURE COMMUNICATIONS (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

SARS-CoV-2 receptor ACE2 is co-expressed with genes related to transmembrane serine proteases, viral entry, immunity and cellular stress

Wasco Wruck et al.

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS (2020)

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Article Biochemical Research Methods

Targeting TMPRSS2 and Cathepsin B/L together may be synergistic against SARS-CoV-2 infection

Pranesh Padmanabhan et al.

PLOS COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY (2020)

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Review Immunology

Cathepsin L in COVID-19: From Pharmacological Evidences to Genetics

Caio P. Gomes et al.

FRONTIERS IN CELLULAR AND INFECTION MICROBIOLOGY (2020)

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Article Immunology

Mucosal Immunity in COVID-19: A Neglected but Critical Aspect of SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Michael W. Russell et al.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2020)

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Review Immunology

IgE and IgG Antibodies as Regulators of Mast Cell and Basophil Functions in Food Allergy

Cynthia Kanagaratham et al.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2020)

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Review Microbiology

NETs and EETs, a Whole Web of Mess

Tyler L. Williams et al.

MICROORGANISMS (2020)

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Review Hematology

Coagulation abnormalities in SARS-CoV-2 infection: overexpression tissue factor

Zahra Eslamifar et al.

THROMBOSIS JOURNAL (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

SARS-CoV-2 receptor is co-expressed with elements of the kinin-kallikrein, renin-angiotensin and coagulation systems in alveolar cells

Davi Sidarta-Oliveira et al.

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS (2020)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

CD147-spike protein is a novel route for SARS-CoV-2 infection to host cells

Ke Wang et al.

SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION AND TARGETED THERAPY (2020)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Modeling the load of SARS-CoV-2 virus in human expelled particles during coughing and speaking

Yang Wang et al.

PLOS ONE (2020)

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Letter Hematology

Neutrophil-Platelet and Monocyte-Platelet Aggregates in COVID-19 Patients

Alexandre Le Joncour et al.

THROMBOSIS AND HAEMOSTASIS (2020)

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Review Respiratory System

ACE2: The Major Cell Entry Receptor for SARS-CoV-2

Filippo Scialo et al.

LUNG (2020)

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Article Virology

IFN-γ is an independent risk factor associated with mortality in patients with moderate and severe COVID-19 infection

Ana Carolina Gadotti et al.

VIRUS RESEARCH (2020)

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Targeting Macrophages as a Therapeutic Option in Coronavirus Disease 2019

Maria Gracia-Hernandez et al.

FRONTIERS IN PHARMACOLOGY (2020)

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Article Cell Biology

SARS-CoV-2-Specific T Cells Exhibit Phenotypic Features of Helper Function, Lack of Terminal Differentiation, and High Proliferation Potential

Jason Neidleman et al.

CELL REPORTS MEDICINE (2020)

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Article Cell Biology

Robust T Cell Response Toward Spike, Membrane, and Nucleocapsid SARS-CoV-2 Proteins Is Not Associated with Recovery in Critical COVID-19 Patients

Constantin J. Thieme et al.

CELL REPORTS MEDICINE (2020)

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Review Critical Care Medicine

The unique characteristics of COVID-19 coagulopathy

Toshiaki Iba et al.

CRITICAL CARE (2020)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

COVID-19-activated SREBP2 disturbs cholesterol biosynthesis and leads to cytokine storm

Wonhwa Lee et al.

SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION AND TARGETED THERAPY (2020)

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Review Respiratory System

From SARS and MERS to COVID-19: a brief summary and comparison of severe acute respiratory infections caused by three highly pathogenic human coronaviruses

Zhixing Zhu et al.

RESPIRATORY RESEARCH (2020)

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Article Cell Biology

Systems-Level Immunomonitoring from Acute to Recovery Phase of Severe COVID-19

Lucie Rodriguez et al.

CELL REPORTS MEDICINE (2020)

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Letter Critical Care Medicine

Thrombotic and hemorrhagic events in critically ill COVID-19 patients: a French monocenter retrospective study

Megan Fraisse et al.

CRITICAL CARE (2020)

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Review Immunology

Macrophage activation syndrome and COVID-19

Ryo Otsuka et al.

INFLAMMATION AND REGENERATION (2020)

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Article Immunology

Pathological inflammation in patients with COVID-19: a key role for monocytes and macrophages

Miriam Merad et al.

NATURE REVIEWS IMMUNOLOGY (2020)

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Review Critical Care Medicine

Role of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in COVID-19

Wentao Ni et al.

CRITICAL CARE (2020)

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Review Medicine, General & Internal

The origin, transmission and clinical therapies on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak - an update on the status

Yan-Rong Guo et al.

MILITARY MEDICAL RESEARCH (2020)

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Review Medicine, Research & Experimental

SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and research gaps: Understanding SARS-CoV-2 interaction with the ACE2 receptor and implications for therapy

Prasun K. Datta et al.

THERANOSTICS (2020)

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Review Peripheral Vascular Disease

Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, the complement system, the kallikrein-kinin system, type-2 diabetes, interleukin-6, and their interactions regarding the complex COVID-19 pathophysiological crossroads

Martijn Hoevenaar et al.

JOURNAL OF THE RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN-ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM (2020)

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Review Medicine, General & Internal

Coronaviruses and SARS-COV-2

Mustafa Hasoksuz et al.

TURKISH JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SCIENCES (2020)

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Article Immunology

Transcriptomic characteristics of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and peripheral blood mononuclear cells in COVID-19 patients

Yong Xiong et al.

EMERGING MICROBES & INFECTIONS (2020)

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Article Immunology

SARS-CoV-2 nsp13, nsp14, nsp15 and orf6 function as potent interferon antagonists

Chun-Kit Yuen et al.

EMERGING MICROBES & INFECTIONS (2020)

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Article Immunology

Virus strain from a mild COVID-19 patient in Hangzhou represents a new trend in SARS-CoV-2 evolution potentially related to Furin cleavage site

Xi Jin et al.

EMERGING MICROBES & INFECTIONS (2020)

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Review Immunology

Helper T cell differentiation

Jordy Saravia et al.

CELLULAR & MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY (2019)

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Review Immunology

Peptide trimming by endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidases: Role of MHC class I binding and ERAP dimerization

Irini Evnouchidou et al.

HUMAN IMMUNOLOGY (2019)

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Article Critical Care Medicine

Classic and Nonclassic Renin-Angiotensin Systems in the Critically Ill

Laurent Bitker et al.

CRITICAL CARE CLINICS (2019)

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Article Ophthalmology

The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and its therapeutic targets

Katrina M. Mirabito Colafella et al.

EXPERIMENTAL EYE RESEARCH (2019)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

The Role of Histamine in the Pathophysiology of Asthma and the Clinical Efficacy of Antihistamines in Asthma Therapy

Kohei Yamauchi et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR SCIENCES (2019)

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Review Physiology

THE NEUTROPHIL'S ROLE DURING HEALTH AND DISEASE

Pei Xiong Liew et al.

PHYSIOLOGICAL REVIEWS (2019)

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Review Microbiology

Decoding type I and III interferon signalling during viral infection

Emily Mesev et al.

NATURE MICROBIOLOGY (2019)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Apelin protects against abdominal aortic aneurysm and the therapeutic role of neutral endopeptidase resistant apelin analogs

Wang Wang et al.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (2019)

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Review Immunology

Innate Immune Cells' Contribution to Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

Andres A. Herrada et al.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2019)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Blockade of the kallikrein-kinin system reduces endothelial complement activation in vascular inflammation

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EBIOMEDICINE (2019)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Identification of a novel synthetic lethal vulnerability in non-small cell lung cancer by co-targeting TMPRSS4 and DDR1

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SCIENTIFIC REPORTS (2019)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Interleukin-1β Mediates Arterial Thrombus Formation via NET-Associated Tissue Factor

Luca Liberale et al.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL MEDICINE (2019)

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Review Oncology

ADAM17 Activity and IL-6 Trans-Signaling in Inflammation and Cancer

Neele Schumacher et al.

CANCERS (2019)

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Review Microbiology

Innate and Adaptive Immune Memory: an Evolutionary Continuum in the Host's Response to Pathogens

Mihai G. Netea et al.

CELL HOST & MICROBE (2019)

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Review Immunology

Tissue-resident lymphocytes: from adaptive to innate immunity

Haoyu Sun et al.

CELLULAR & MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY (2019)

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Article Respiratory System

Bradykinin sensitizes the cough reflex via a B2 receptor dependent activation of TRPV1 and TRPA1 channels through metabolites of cyclooxygenase and 12-lipoxygenase

Fajer Al-Shamlan et al.

RESPIRATORY RESEARCH (2019)

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Review Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

A Review of the Role of Bradykinin and Nitric Oxide in the Cardioprotective Action of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors: Focus on Perindopril

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CARDIOLOGY AND THERAPY (2019)

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Review Immunology

Furin-mediated protein processing in infectious diseases and cancer

Elisabeth Braun et al.

CLINICAL & TRANSLATIONAL IMMUNOLOGY (2019)

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Review Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Kinin B1 receptors as a therapeutic target for inflammation

Fatimunnisa Qadri et al.

EXPERT OPINION ON THERAPEUTIC TARGETS (2018)

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Article Physiology

Attenuation of pulmonary ACE2 activity impairs inactivation of des-Arg(9) bradykinin/BKB1R axis and facilitates LPS-induced neutrophil infiltration

Chhinder P. Sodhi et al.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-LUNG CELLULAR AND MOLECULAR PHYSIOLOGY (2018)

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Review Immunology

RIG-I and Other RNA Sensors in Antiviral Immunity

Kwan T. Chow et al.

ANNUAL REVIEW OF IMMUNOLOGY, VOL 36 (2018)

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Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

Bradykinin in asthma: Modulation of airway inflammation and remodelling

Fabio L. M. Ricciardolo et al.

EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY (2018)

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Article Medicine, General & Internal

Plasma levels of the proprotein convertase furin and incidence of diabetes and mortality

C. Fernandez et al.

JOURNAL OF INTERNAL MEDICINE (2018)

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Review Physiology

THE ACE2/ANGIOTENSIN-(1-7)/MAS AXIS OF THE RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM: FOCUS ON ANGIOTENSIN-(1-7)

Robson Augusto Souza Santos et al.

PHYSIOLOGICAL REVIEWS (2018)

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Review Medicine, General & Internal

Fundamental role of dendritic cells in inducing Th2 responses

Byoungjae Kim et al.

KOREAN JOURNAL OF INTERNAL MEDICINE (2018)

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Review Immunology

Interaction of the Human Contact System with Pathogens-An Update

Sonja Oehmcke-Hecht et al.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2018)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

The role of polymorphic ERAP1 in autoinflammatory disease

Emma Reeves et al.

BIOSCIENCE REPORTS (2018)

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Article Cell Biology

Apelin-13 Administration Protects Against LPS-Induced Acute Lung Injury by Inhibiting NF-κB Pathway and NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation

Hailin Zhang et al.

CELLULAR PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY (2018)

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Review Cell Biology

Role of Histamine in Modulating the Immune Response and Inflammation

Anna Claudia Calvielli Castelo Branco et al.

MEDIATORS OF INFLAMMATION (2018)

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Review Immunology

The Role of Histamine and Histamine Receptors in Mast Cell-Mediated Allergy and Inflammation: The Hunt for New Therapeutic Targets

Elden Berla Thangam et al.

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2018)

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Review Immunology

How ERAP1 and ERAP2 Shape the Peptidomes of Disease-Associated MHC-I Proteins

Jose A. Lopez de Castro

FRONTIERS IN IMMUNOLOGY (2018)

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Article Physiology

Apelinergic System Structure and Function

Kyungsoo Shin et al.

COMPREHENSIVE PHYSIOLOGY (2018)

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Review Medicine, General & Internal

Neprilysin Inhibitors and Bradykinin

Duncan J. Campbell

FRONTIERS IN MEDICINE (2018)

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Article Neurosciences

[Pyr1]Apelin-13(1-12) Is a Biologically Active ACE2 Metabolite of the Endogenous Cardiovascular Peptide [Pyr1]Apelin-13

Peiran Yang et al.

FRONTIERS IN NEUROSCIENCE (2017)

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Review Immunology

Functions of tissue-resident eosinophils

Peter F. Weller et al.

NATURE REVIEWS IMMUNOLOGY (2017)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

The shedding protease ADAM17: Physiology and pathophysiology

Friederike Zunke et al.

BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH (2017)

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Article Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

Clinical Relevance and Role of Neuronal AT1 Receptors in ADAM17-Mediated ACE2 Shedding in Neurogenic Hypertension

Jiaxi Xu et al.

CIRCULATION RESEARCH (2017)

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Review Allergy

Bradykinin: Inflammatory Product of the Coagulation System

Zonne Hofman et al.

CLINICAL REVIEWS IN ALLERGY & IMMUNOLOGY (2016)

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Review Immunology

Innate immunity in vertebrates: an overview

Mario Riera Romo et al.

IMMUNOLOGY (2016)

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Review Cardiac & Cardiovascular Systems

A Test in Context: Neprilysin Function, Inhibition, and Biomarker

Antoni Bayes-Genis et al.

JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF CARDIOLOGY (2016)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Cryo-electron microscopy structure of a coronavirus spike glycoprotein trimer

Alexandra C. Walls et al.

NATURE (2016)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

Epidemiology, Genetic Recombination, and Pathogenesis of Coronaviruses

Shuo Su et al.

TRENDS IN MICROBIOLOGY (2016)

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Article Oncology

Epigenetic alterations leading to TMPRSS4 promoter hypomethylation and protein overexpression predict poor prognosis in squamous lung cancer patients

Maria Villalba et al.

ONCOTARGET (2016)

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Article Oncology

Myeloid cell expressed proprotein convertase FURIN attenuates inflammation

Zuzet Martinez Cordova et al.

ONCOTARGET (2016)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

CD147/EMMPRIN overexpression and prognosis in cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Xiaoyan Xin et al.

SCIENTIFIC REPORTS (2016)

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Article Critical Care Medicine

The Apelin-APJ Axis Is an Endogenous Counterinjury Mechanism in Experimental Acute Lung Injury

Xiao-Fang Fan et al.

CHEST (2015)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

The apelin receptor: physiology, pathology, cell signalling, and ligand modulation of a peptide-activated class A GPCR

Nigel A. Chapman et al.

BIOCHEMISTRY AND CELL BIOLOGY (2014)

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Review Dermatology

The role of human 6-sulfo LacNAc dendritic cells (slanDCs) in autoimmunity and tumor diseases

Thomas Doebel et al.

JOURNAL DER DEUTSCHEN DERMATOLOGISCHEN GESELLSCHAFT (2014)

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Article Virology

TMPRSS2 and ADAM17 Cleave ACE2 Differentially and Only Proteolysis by TMPRSS2 Augments Entry Driven by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Spike Protein

Adeline Heurich et al.

JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY (2014)

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Article Oncology

Bradykinin stimulates IL-6 production and cell invasion in colorectal cancer cells

Guojun Wang et al.

ONCOLOGY REPORTS (2014)

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Article Gastroenterology & Hepatology

Pancreatitis activates pancreatic apelin-APJ axis in mice

Song Han et al.

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY-GASTROINTESTINAL AND LIVER PHYSIOLOGY (2013)

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Article Pharmacology & Pharmacy

The apelin receptor inhibits the angiotensin II type 1 receptor via allosteric trans-inhibition

K. Siddiquee et al.

BRITISH JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY (2013)

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Article Medicine, Research & Experimental

Apelin is a positive regulator of ACE2 in failing hearts

Teruki Sato et al.

JOURNAL OF CLINICAL INVESTIGATION (2013)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Role of the Spike Glycoprotein of Human Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in Virus Entry and Syncytia Formation

Zhaohui Qian et al.

PLOS ONE (2013)

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Article Oncology

Expression of TMPRSS4 in non-small cell lung cancer and its modulation by hypoxia

Tri-Hung Nguyen et al.

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY (2012)

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Article Multidisciplinary Sciences

Interleukin-1 Stimulates ADAM17 through a Mechanism Independent of its Cytoplasmic Domain or Phosphorylation at Threonine 735

Katherine C. Hall et al.

PLOS ONE (2012)

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Review Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

ADAM-17: the enzyme that does it all

Monika Gooz

CRITICAL REVIEWS IN BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (2010)

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Review Virology

Recombination, Reservoirs, and the Modular Spike: Mechanisms of Coronavirus Cross-Species Transmission

Rachel L. Graham et al.

JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY (2010)

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Article Virology

TMPRSS2 and TMPRSS4 Facilitate Trypsin-Independent Spread of Influenza Virus in Caco-2 Cells

Stephanie Bertram et al.

JOURNAL OF VIROLOGY (2010)

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Article Biochemistry & Molecular Biology

The plasma bradykinin-forming pathways and its interrelationships with complement

Allen P. Kaplan et al.

MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY (2010)

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Review Urology & Nephrology

The kallikrein-kinin system in health and in diseases of the kidney

Masao Kakoki et al.

KIDNEY INTERNATIONAL (2009)

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