期刊
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH-OCEANS
卷 121, 期 9, 页码 6847-6861出版社
AMER GEOPHYSICAL UNION
DOI: 10.1002/2016JC012089
关键词
Arctic Ocean; surface warming; phenology; sea ice retreat; atmospheric forcing
类别
资金
- NASA [NNX13AE29G]
- ONR [N00014-12-0224]
- NSF [OCE-1233255, ARC-1203506]
- NASA [475621, NNX13AE29G] Funding Source: Federal RePORTER
- Directorate For Geosciences
- Division Of Ocean Sciences [1233255] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
- Office of Polar Programs (OPP)
- Directorate For Geosciences [1313647, 1203506] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
In this work, we explore the seasonal relationships (i.e., the phenology) between sea ice retreat, sea surface temperature (SST), and atmospheric heat fluxes in the Pacific Sector of the Arctic Ocean, using satellite and reanalysis data. We find that where ice retreats early in most years, maximum summertime SSTs are usually warmer, relative to areas with later retreat. For any particular year, we find that anomalously early ice retreat generally leads to anomalously warm SSTs. However, this relationship is weak in the Chukchi Sea, where ocean advection plays a large role. It is also weak where retreat in a particular year happens earlier than usual, but still relatively late in the season, primarily because atmospheric heat fluxes are weak at that time. This result helps to explain the very different ocean warming responses found in two recent years with extreme ice retreat, 2007 and 2012. We also find that the timing of ice retreat impacts the date of maximum SST, owing to a change in the ocean surface buoyancy and momentum forcing that occurs in early August that we term the Late Summer Transition (LST). After the LST, enhanced mixing of the upper ocean leads to cooling of the ocean surface even while atmospheric heat fluxes are still weakly downward. Our results indicate that in the near-term, earlier ice retreat is likely to cause enhanced ocean surface warming in much of the Arctic Ocean, although not where ice retreat still occurs late in the season.
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