The kinematic and microphysical control of lightning rate, extent, and NOX production

This study investigates the kinematic and microphysical control of lightning properties, particularly those that may govern the production of nitrogen oxides (NOX=NO+NO2) via lightning (LNOX), such as flash rate, type, and extent. The NASA Lightning Nitrogen Oxides Model (LNOM) is applied to lightning observations following multicell thunderstorms through their lifecycle in a Lagrangian sense over Northern Alabama on 21 May 2012 during the Deep Convective Clouds and Chemistry (DC3) experiment. LNOM provides estimates of flash rate, type, channel length distributions, channel segment altitude distributions (SADs), and LNOX production profiles. The LNOM-derived lightning characteristics and LNOX production are compared to the evolution of radar-inferred updraft and precipitation properties. Intercloud, intracloud (IC) flash SAD comprises a significant fraction of the total (IC+cloud-to-ground [CG]) SAD, while increased CG flash SAD at altitudes >6km occurs after the simultaneous peaks in several thunderstorm properties (i.e., total [IC+CG] and IC flash rate, graupel volume/mass, convective updraft volume, and maximum updraft speed). At heights <6km, the CG LNOX production dominates the column-integrated total LNOX production. Unlike the SAD, total LNOX production consists of a more equal contribution from IC and CG flashes for heights >6km. Graupel volume/mass, updraft volume, and maximum updraft speed are all well correlated to the total flash rate (correlation coefficient, 0.8) but are less correlated to total flash extent (0.6) and total LNOX production (0.5). Although LNOM transforms lightning observations into LNOX production values, these values are estimates and are subject to further independent validation.