期刊
CURRENT ONCOLOGY
卷 29, 期 5, 页码 3044-3060出版社
MDPI
DOI: 10.3390/curroncol29050247
关键词
immune checkpoint inhibitors; immunotherapy; CTLA-4; PD-1; PD-L1
类别
资金
- NHMRC [1157741]
- Cure Cancer [1182179]
The discovery of immune checkpoint proteins has revolutionized cancer immunotherapy, leading to the successful utilization of targeted monoclonal antibodies in various cancer patients. However, not all patients respond favorably to these drugs, emphasizing the need for biomarkers to predict treatment responses.
The discovery of immune checkpoint proteins such as PD-1/PDL-1 and CTLA-4 represents a significant breakthrough in the field of cancer immunotherapy. Therefore, humanized monoclonal antibodies, targeting these immune checkpoint proteins have been utilized successfully in patients with metastatic melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, head and neck cancers and non-small lung cancer. The US FDA has successfully approved three different categories of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) such as PD-1 inhibitors (Nivolumab, Pembrolizumab, and Cemiplimab), PDL-1 inhibitors (Atezolimumab, Durvalumab and Avelumab), and CTLA-4 inhibitor (Ipilimumab). Unfortunately, not all patients respond favourably to these drugs, highlighting the role of biomarkers such as Tumour mutation burden (TMB), PDL-1 expression, microbiome, hypoxia, interferon-gamma, and ECM in predicting responses to ICIs-based immunotherapy. The current study aims to review the literature and updates on ICIs in cancer therapy.
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